تنقيح المرحلة 4 (2021-2030)
قدمت المفوضية الأوروبية في يوليو 2018 اقتراحا تشريعيا لمراجعة نظام تداول الانبعاثات في الاتحاد الأوروبي (إتس) للفترة بعد عام 2020.
هذه هي الخطوة الأولى في تحقيق هدف الاتحاد الأوروبي للحد من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة بنسبة 40٪ على الأقل محليا بحلول عام 2030 بما يتماشى مع إطار سياسة المناخ والطاقة لعام 2030 وكجزء من مساهمته في اتفاق باريس.
زيادة وتيرة خفض الانبعاثات.
ولتحقيق هدف الاتحاد الأوروبي بنسبة 40٪ على الأقل، يتعين على القطاعات التي تغطيها إتس خفض انبعاثاتها بنسبة 43٪ مقارنة بعام 2005.
ولهذه الغاية، سينخفض العدد الإجمالي لبدلات الانبعاثات بمعدل سنوي قدره 2.2٪ اعتبارا من عام 2021 فصاعدا، مقارنة بنسبة 1.74٪ حاليا.
وهذا يمثل خفضا إضافيا للانبعاثات في القطاعات التي تغطيها إتس حوالي 556 مليون طن على مدى العقد - أي ما يعادل الانبعاثات السنوية للمملكة المتحدة.
أفضل استهداف قواعد تسرب الكربون.
ويضع المقترح أيضا قواعد يمكن التنبؤ بها وقوية ونزيهة للتصدي لخطر تسرب الكربون.
إعادة النظر في نظام التوزيع المجاني للتركيز على القطاعات الأكثر عرضة لخطر نقل إنتاجها خارج الاتحاد الأوروبي - حوالي 50 قطاعا في المجموع عدد كبير من البدلات المجانية المخصصة للمنشآت الجديدة والمتنامية قواعد أكثر مرونة لتحسين مواءمة مبلغ البدلات المجانية مع أرقام الإنتاج تحديث للمعايير التي تعكس التقدم التكنولوجي منذ عام 2008.
ومن المتوقع تخصيص حوالي 6.3 بلايين من البدلات مجانا للشركات خلال الفترة 2021-2030.
تمويل الابتكار منخفض الكربون وتحديث قطاع الطاقة.
وسيتم إنشاء العديد من آليات الدعم لمساعدة الصناعة وقطاعات الطاقة على مواجهة تحديات الابتكار والاستثمار في الانتقال إلى اقتصاد منخفض الكربون.
وهي تشمل صندوقين جديدين:
صندوق االبتكار - توسيع نطاق الدعم القائم من أجل إظهار التكنولوجيات المبتكرة لتحقيق االبتكار في صندوق التحديث الصناعي - تسهيل االستثمارات في تحديث قطاع الطاقة وأنظمة الطاقة األوسع وتعزيز كفاءة الطاقة في 10 دول أعضاء منخفضة الدخل.
وستظل البدلات المجانية متاحة أيضا لتحديث قطاع الطاقة في هذه الدول الأعضاء ذات الدخل المنخفض.
مدخلات أصحاب المصلحة.
وشارك أصحاب المصلحة في مراحل مختلفة في تطوير هذا الاقتراح.
وأجريت مشاورات واسعة النطاق في عام 2018، بما في ذلك.
وعقب هذه المشاورات وتحليل أهداف سياسة المناخ للاتحاد الأوروبي لعام 2030، أجرت اللجنة تقييما للأثر.
وقدم الاقتراح التشريعي إلى البرلمان الأوروبي والمجلس واللجنة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ولجنة الأقاليم لمواصلة النظر فيه بموجب الإجراء التشريعي العادي.
وكان للجمهور إمكانية تقديم تعليقات بشأن الاقتراح التشريعي بعد اعتماده من قبل المفوضية الأوروبية. ووردت ردود فعل من 85 من أصحاب المصلحة وقدم موجز إلى البرلمان الأوروبي والمجلس الأوروبي.
يونيون ريجيستري.
یعمل سجل الاتحاد علی ضمان المحاسبة الدقیقة لجمیع البدلات الصادرة بموجب نظام تداول الانبعاثات للاتحاد الأوروبي (إتس). ويحتفظ السجل بملكية المخصصات المحتفظ بها في الحسابات الإلكترونية، مثلما يوجد لدى البنك سجل بجميع عملائه وأموالهم.
سجل واحد للاتحاد الأوروبي.
وبعد مراجعة توجيهات إتس في عام 2009، كانت عمليات إتس للاتحاد الأوروبي في عام 2018 مركزية في سجل واحد للاتحاد الأوروبي تديره المفوضية الأوروبية. ويغطي سجل الاتحاد جميع البلدان ال 31 المشاركة في إتس للاتحاد الأوروبي.
وسجل الاتحاد هو قاعدة بيانات إلكترونية تحمل حسابات المنشآت الثابتة (المنقولة من السجلات الوطنية المستخدمة قبل عام 2018) ولمشغلي الطائرات (المدرجة في إتس الأوروبي منذ يناير 2018).
سجلات السجل:
تدابير التنفيذ الوطنية (قائمة بالمنشآت التي يشملها توجيه إتس في كل بلد من بلدان الاتحاد الأوروبي وأي تخصيص مجاني لكل من هذه المنشآت في الفترة 2018-2020) حسابات الشركات أو الأفراد الذين يحملون هذه البدلات تم إجراء تحويلات البدلات ("المعاملات") من قبل أصحاب الحسابات انبعاثات ثاني أآسيد الكربون التي تم التحقق منها سنويا من منشآت المنشآت والطائرات التسوية السنوية للبدلات والانبعاثات المتحقق منها، حيث يتعين على آل شرآة أن تسلم ما يكفي من البدلات لتغطية جميع الانبعاثات التي تم التحقق منها.
فتح الحسابات في سجل الاتحاد.
للمشاركة في إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي، الشركات أو الأفراد لديهم لفتح حساب في سجل الاتحاد.
لفتح حساب، يجب عليهم إرسال طلب إلى المسؤول الوطني، الذي يقوم بجمع وفحص جميع الوثائق الداعمة.
سجل معاملات الاتحاد الأوروبي.
يقوم سجل معاملات الاتحاد الأوروبي (يوتل) بفحص جميع المعاملات بين الحسابات في سجل الاتحاد وسجلاتها وتفويضها تلقائيا. هذا يضمن أن جميع عمليات النقل تتوافق مع قواعد الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس.
و يوتل هو خلف لسجل المعاملات المستقلة المجتمعية (سيتل)، الذي كان له دور مماثل قبل إدخال سجل الاتحاد.
المرحلة الثالثة (2018-2020)
نظام السجل.
الرسوم التي تفرضها الدول الأعضاء على الحسابات في سجل الاتحاد.
بلجيكا وبلغاريا والجمهورية التشيكية والدانمرك وألمانيا واستونيا وأيرلندا واليونان وإسبانيا وفرنسا وكرواتيا وإيطاليا ولاتفيا وليتوانيا والمجر وهولندا والنمسا وبولندا والبرتغال ورومانيا وسلوفينيا وسلوفاكيا وفنلندا حتى نهاية 2018: 2018 فصاعدا: السويد، المملكة المتحدة، أيسلندا، ليختنشتاين، النرويج.
متنوع.
02/05/2017 - بيانات الإمتثال لعام 2018 03/04/2017 - جدول مصحح لانبعاثات عام 2018 التي تم التحقق منها 02/05/2018 - بيانات الامتثال لعام 2018 01/04/2018 - نتائج التحقق لعام 2018 04/05/2018 - بيانات الامتثال لعام 2018 01/04/2018 - نتائج التحقق لعام 2018 15/05/2018 - بيانات الإمتثال لعام 2018 14/05/2018 - المبالغ المتبادلة في 30 أبريل 2018 01/04/2018 - انبعاثات التحقق لعام 2018.
المرحلة الثانية (2008-2018)
جداول خطة التخصيص الوطنية.
خطة التخصيص الوطنية جدول القرارات 2008-12: إسبانيا، إستونيا، ألمانيا، إيطاليا، البرتغال، بلجيكا، بلغاريا، الجمهورية التشيكية، الدانمرك، سلوفاكيا، قبرص، لاتفيا، ليختنشتاين، النرويج، بولندا، البرتغال، رومانيا، سلوفاكيا، سلوفينيا، إسبانيا، السويد، المملكة المتحدة 08-12 الجداول الأولية لخطة العمل الوطنية (يمكن تحميل الحالة المستكملة من سيتل): النمسا، بلجيكا، الجمهورية التشيكية، الدنمارك، إستونيا وفنلندا وفرنسا واليونان وألمانيا وهنغاريا وإيطاليا وأيرلندا ولاتفيا وليتوانيا ولوكسمبورغ ومالطة وهولندا وبولندا والبرتغال ورومانيا وسلوفينيا وإسبانيا والسويد والمملكة المتحدة.
16/05/2018 - وحدات خفض الانبعاثات المعتمدة ووحدات خفض الانبعاثات التي تم تسليمها بموجب بيانات الامتثال التراكمي للاتحاد الأوروبي إتس 2008 إلى 2018 02/04/2018 - بيانات انبعاثات التحقق من 2008 إلى 2018.
تقارير سيف.
متنوع.
نشرة حقائق: الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس يسلم تخفيضات الانبعاثات 07/10/2018 - الاتحاد الأوروبي 920/2018 - لائحة المفوضية إنشاء السجل الاتحادي للفترات المنتهية في 31 ديسمبر 2018 من مخطط الاتحاد الانبعاثات الانبعاثات وفقا للتوجيه 2003/87 / إيك الأوروبي مجلس النواب والمجلس والقرار رقم 280/2004 / إيك للبرلمان الأوروبي والمجلس - (إن نسخة موحدة غير رسمية) جدول عقد أنواع الوحدات في إتس لكل دولة عضو 19/03/2018 - قائمة وحدات خفض الانبعاثات المعتمدة التي تم تسليمها بموجب قائمة الاتحاد الأوروبي للمعاملات الثابتة في سجل الاتحاد الأوروبي.
المرحلة الأولى (2005-2007)
جداول خطة التخصيص الوطنية.
خطة التخصيص الوطنية جدول القرارات 2005-2007: النمسا، قبرص، الجمهورية التشيكية، الدنمارك، إستونيا، فنلندا، اليونان، هنغاريا، ايرلندا، ايطاليا، لاتفيا، ليتوانيا، لوكسمبورغ، مالطا، هولندا، البرتغال، سلوفاكيا، سلوفينيا، المملكة المتحدة.
2007 تقارير وطنية عن البدائل التي تم التحقق منها والخصومات التي تم تسليمها: النمسا وبلجيكا وقبرص والجمهورية التشيكية والدانمرك واستونيا وفنلندا وفرنسا وألمانيا واليونان وهنغاريا وأيرلندا وإيطاليا ولاتفيا وليتوانيا ولكسمبرغ ومالطة وبولندا والبرتغال ورومانيا وسلوفاكيا وسلوفينيا وإسبانيا والسويد وهولندا والمملكة المتحدة 2006 تقارير وطنية عن الانبعاثات التي تم التحقق منها واستردادها اعتبارا من 8/5/2007: النمسا، بلجيكا، قبرص، الجمهورية التشيكية، الدنمارك، إستونيا، فنلندا، فرنسا، ألمانيا، اليونان، هنغاريا، ايرلندا، ايطاليا، لاتفيا، ليتوانيا، لوكسمبورغ، بولندا، البرتغال، سلوفاكيا، سلوفينيا، اسبانيا، السويد، هولندا، المملكة المتحدة 2005 تقارير وطنية عن الانبعاثات التي تم التحقق منها والاستسلام: النمسا، بلجيكا، الدنمارك، إستونيا، فنلندا ، ألمانيا، اليونان، هنغاريا، ايرلندا، ايطاليا، لاتفيا، ليتوانيا، البرتغال، سلوفينيا، اسبانيا، السويد، هولندا، المملكة المتحدة مذكرة فنية حول تقارير سيتل.
متنوع.
عرض الرسوم المتحركة يوضح كيف سيتل يعمل تداول الانبعاثات: الامتثال القوي في عام 2006، والانبعاثات فصلت عن النمو الاقتصادي 01/04/2018 - التحقق من الانبعاثات لعام 2018 أسئلة وأجوبة.
افتح جميع الأسئلة.
الأسئلة & أمب؛ إجابات على المتطلبات التقنية لاستخدام سجل الاتحاد.
ما هو أمان طبقة النقل (تلس)؟
تلس يضمن نقل البيانات الحساسة من خلال تشفير أنفاق الشبكة التي تتحرك المعلومات. وبعبارة أخرى، تلس هي الآلية التي تحمي سرية وسلامة جميع المعلومات التي يدخلها أولئك الذين يستخدمون سجل الاتحاد عبر متصفح الويب الخاص بهم.
لماذا أحتاج إلى استخدام تلس 1.2 لاستخدام سجل الاتحاد؟
تم تحديث تلس 1.2 لتحسين أمن العمليات في سجل الاتحاد. تم تعريف تلس 1.2 في عام 2008، وجميع متصفحات الويب الرئيسية تدعمها بشكل افتراضي. ومنذ عام 2018، حافظ سجل الاتحاد على توافقه مع الإصدارات السابقة من نظام إشارات النقل، ولكن منذ 15 أكتوبر 2018، لن تعمل الروابط مع الإصدارات الأقدم.
كيف يمكنني التحقق من توافق مستعرض الويب مع تلس 1.2؟
تدعم جميع المتصفحات الأخيرة (كروم و فيريفوكس و إنترنيت إكسبلورر و سفاري) نظام تلس v1.2 بشكل افتراضي:
كروم، الإصدار 33 والإصدارات الأحدث من فايرفوكس، الإصدار 34 والإصدارات الأحدث من إنترنيت إكسبلورر، الإصدار 11 سفاري، الإصدار 7 والإصدارات الأحدث.
الأسئلة & أمب؛ إجابات عن تنفيذ قواعد السجل الجديدة فيما يتعلق بالوحدات من التنفيذ المشترك (02/2018)
أسئلة وأجوبة حول السجلات (05/2018)
ما هو دور السجلات في تجارة الانبعاثات؟
وتسجل سجالت نظام االتحاد األوروبي لتداول االنبعاثات) إتس (االحتفاظ ببدالت االنبعاثات، كما أن المعامالت المتعلقة بتلك البدالت، مثلما يفعل أي نظام مصرفي مقابل المال. أنواع المعاملات الرئيسية هي: إنشاء البدلات، والتخصيص المجاني، والمزاد العلني، والتداول، وتسليم بدلات الامتثال وحذفها. وتسجل السجلات أيضا المنشآت ومشغلي الطائرات الذين يسلمون بدلات لتغطية انبعاثاتهم التي تم التحقق منها.
لماذا تم تعديل لائحة السجلات في عام 2018؟
وفي الاتحاد الأوروبي للاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية، يتم استبدال إمكانية استخدام الائتمانات الدولية مباشرة، التي كانت مفتوحة للمشغلين في فترة التداول الثانية، في فترة التداول الثالثة عن طريق تبادل الائتمانات المؤهلة للبدلات. تم وضع آلية التبادل رسميا من قبل لائحة السجلات المحدثة.
وفيما يتعلق بالائتمانات الدولية التي تولدها مشاريع التنفيذ المشتركة (وحدات خفض الانبعاثات - وحدات خفض الانبعاثات)، وضعت أحكام لتنفيذ القواعد المبينة في توجيه إتس وبروتوكول كيوتو. لمزيد من التفاصيل، راجع الأسئلة الشائعة حول سوق الكربون الدولي.
وبعيدا عن إتس، تطبق لائحة السجلات محاسبة المعاملات بموجب قرار مشاركة الجهد في سجل الاتحاد.
متى اعتمدت اللائحة ومتى أصبحت قابلة للتطبيق؟
واعتمدت اللجنة اللائحة التنفيذية في 2 أيار / مايو 2018 ودخلت حيز النفاذ في اليوم التالي لنشرها في الجريدة الرسمية.
ما هي الإجراءات الأمنية التي يتم تنفيذها في السجل؟
وقد أصبح أمن السجلات أولوية نتيجة للاحتيال المتعلق ببدلات الانبعاثات في عامي 2018 و 2018. وفي أوائل عام 2018، اتخذت اللجنة إجراءات فورية بتعليق جميع السجلات الوطنية مؤقتا إلى أن تفي بمتطلبات الأمن الدنيا. واعتمدت تدابير إضافية في عام 2018 لجعل أمن سجل الاتحاد متماشيا مع أحدث التدابير الأمنية المستخدمة في القطاع المالي.
ويرد أدناه موجز للإجراءات الأمنية الرئيسية.
ماذا تعني تبعية البدلات؟ ماذا يحدث في حالة السرقة أو الإخلال بالعقد أو الإعسار؟
والسلع الجيدة أو السلع هي "قابلة للتبديل" عندما يمكن استبدال الوحدات الفردية بأي وحدة أخرى من نفس السلعة أو السلعة، مثل كيلوغرام من السكر. وتعني قابلية البدلات المنصوص عليها في اللائحة أن المطالبة - على سبيل المثال في حالة السرقة أو الإخلال بالعقد أو إعسار صاحب الحساب - لا يمكن أن توجه إلى بدل معين. ولا تستبعد هذه القاعدة المطالبة بنفس المبلغ من العلاوات أو الائتمانات من نفس النوع أو المطالبة بالتعويضات، على سبيل المثال. وبالتالي فإن المعاملات في سجل الاتحاد التي أصبحت نهائية هي بالتالي لا رجعة فيها ولا يمكن أن تكون غير مرغوب فيها.
هل تنسق اللائحة ملكية البدلات؟
لا، لا تنسق اللائحة ملكية البدلات. ومع ذلك، وبغض النظر عن أن البدلات قابلة للتبديل، فإنها تحمي أصحاب أو المشترين من البدلات التي هي بحسن نية. والواقع أن هؤلاء الأشخاص سيحصلون على الاستحقاق الكامل للبدل. ويترك القانون الوطني تفسير مصطلح "حسن النية".
هل يظهر الرقم التسلسلي للبدلات في السجل؟
وفي أوائل عام 2018، تم الكشف عن قوائم بالأرقام التسلسلية للبدلات المزعومة المسروقة. وقد تسبب ذلك في حدوث ارتباك في سوق الكربون، كما في بعض الولايات القضائية قد يتعين إعادة البدلات المسروقة التي يمكن تحديدها من خلال أرقامها التسلسلية، مما يجعل التداول أكثر خطورة. ولتجنب هذا الارتباك في المستقبل، تحظر اللائحة صراحة الكشف عن الأرقام التسلسلية للبدلات المسروقة. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإن الأرقام المسلسلة للبدلات في السجل الاتحادي الموحد لا تكون مرئية للمستعملين، بل هي فقط لمسؤولي السجلات الذين قد يقدمونها بناء على طلب السلطات الوطنية المختصة. وتستكمل هذه التدابير بتبديل البدلات وحماية المشتري بحسن نية. ويضمن ذلك معا إمكانية تعقب البدلات المسروقة والمحتالين المعنيين في نهاية المطاف لأغراض إجراء جنائي أو قانون مدني، ولكن على مستوى المستخدمين لا تتعطل التجارة.
وفي حالة وحدات كيوتو (مثل ائتمانات آلية التنمية النظيفة)، لا يتم عرض سوى الجزء الفريد من معرف هوية الوحدة: ستظل المعلومات المتعلقة بنوع الوحدة ورقم المشروع وما إلى ذلك مرئية.
كيف يتم التعامل مع وحدات كيوتو وحساباتها وعملياتها؟
وتضمن اللائحة أن يعمل سجل الاتحاد الأوروبي لخدمات تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات بسلاسة وبشكل مستقل عن القرارات المتخذة بشأن بروتوكول كيوتو. وحدات كيوتو فقط، والتي يمكن استخدامها للامتثال في إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي يمكن أن تعقد على حسابات إتس في سجل الاتحاد. وحدات كيوتو التي ليست مؤهلة في إتس يمكن أن تعقد على حسابات في سجلات كب الوطنية.
هل سيتم مراجعة اللائحة؟ ما هي العلاقة بالعمل على الرقابة على السوق؟
وقد يتعين إعادة النظر في اللائحة لكي تعكس نتائج العمل المتعلق بالإشراف على السوق وفي ضوء الخبرة المكتسبة من التدابير الأمنية.
أسئلة وأجوبة حول استخدام سجل الاتحاد لشركات الطيران (05/2018)
كيف يمكن لمشغلي الطائرات فتح حسابات في سجل الاتحاد؟
منذ 30 يناير 2018، يمكن لمشغلي الطائرات فتح الحسابات في سجل الاتحاد. يجب أن يتم التحقق من طلبات الحساب وجميع الوثائق الداعمة المطلوبة من قبل المدير الوطني المعني. ويستطيع مشغلو الطائرات الذين لديهم حساب مفتوح الحصول على مخصصات مجانية حسب ما تحدده الدولة العضو القائمة بالإدارة.
ما هي الخطوات الرئيسية لمشغلي الطائرات في دورة امتثال الاتحاد الأوروبي لمعايير الاتصالات الأوروبية؟
يجب على جميع مشغلي الطائرات التي يغطيها الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس فتح حساب في سجل الاتحاد. واستنادا إلى المعيار الذي نشرته اللجنة في أيلول / سبتمبر 2018، تحسب الدول الأعضاء مقدار البدلات التي ستخصص مجانا لكل مشغل من الطائرات وفقا للقواعد الواردة في توجيه الاتحاد الأوروبي بشأن التجارة الإلكترونية. وحصل مشغلو الطائرات الذين لديهم حساب مفتوح على الدفعة السنوية الأولى من العلاوات المجانية المودعة في حساب التسجيل الخاص بهم بحلول 28 شباط / فبراير 2018. وفي المجموع، سيتم تسليم ما يقرب من 181 مليون بدل طيران لشركات الطيران مجانا في 2018.
كما يتعين على مشغلي الطائرات التي يغطيها الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس إكمال عدد من الخطوات في السجل لضمان امتثالهم ل إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي. وتشمل هذه المتطلبات اشتراط إدخال انبعاثات مؤكدة في السجل بحلول 31 آذار / مارس من كل سنة بعد عام 2018 (على سبيل المثال، بحلول 31 آذار / مارس 2018، كان عليها أن تضمن تسجيل الانبعاثات المؤكدة لعام 2018 في سجل الاتحاد) وشرط التسليم بحلول 30 نيسان / كل عام عدد كاف من بدلات الطيران والبدلات العامة و / أو الائتمانات الدولية لتغطية انبعاثاتها من السنة (السنوات السابقة) (على سبيل المثال، بحلول 30 نيسان / أبريل 2018، اضطرت إلى تسليم وحدات تغطي الانبعاثات اعتبارا من 2018).
وبوصفهم أصحاب حسابات آخرين في سجل الاتحاد، فإن مشغلي الطائرات قادرون على تحويل البدلات والائتمان الدولي إلى المشاركين الآخرين في إتس للاتحاد الأوروبي.
أسئلة وأجوبة عن الخدمات المصرفية لبدلات الانبعاث وتبادل الأرصدة الدولية (05/2018)
ما هو العمل المصرفي؟
لا يسمح توجيه إتس باستخدام البدلات من فترة التداول الثانية للامتثال في فترة التداول الثالثة. ومع ذلك، فإنه يضمن المصرفية من البدلات من فترة التداول الثانية، إلى فترة التداول الثالثة، والتي ستعقد في عام 2018.
ويجري العمل المصرفي للبدلات، على النحو المتوخى في المادة 57 من لائحة السجلات (رقم 920/2018)، من خلال إلغاء بدلات المرحلة 2، وفي الوقت نفسه إنشاء مبلغ مساو من بدلات المرحلة 3 على نفس حسابات السجل. ويهدف التعديل الأخير الذي أدخل على لائحة المسجلين أيضا إلى توضيح القواعد المصرفية المتعلقة ببدلات الطيران، بحيث ترحل بدلات الطيران لعام 2018 إلى المرحلة 3 دون أي تغيير في تعيينها كبدلات للطيران.
هل يقتصر مصارف العلاوات من الثانية إلى الثالثة من فترة التداول على حسابات المشغلين فقط؟
لا، ينطبق المصرف على بدلات الانبعاث على جميع حيازات بدلات المرحلة 2 في حسابات المستخدمين في سجل الاتحاد.
متى من المتوقع أن يتم إجراء المخصصات المصرفية؟
ومن المتوقع أن تبدأ عملية صرف مخصصات الانبعاثات من فترة التداول الثانية إلى الثالثة في 1 يوليو 2018. وتتطلب العملية إغلاق سجل الاتحاد لمدة خمسة أيام عمل متتالية. وسيجري تعليق الوصول إلى سجل الاتحاد اعتبارا من 1 تموز / يوليه وسيستأنف في موعد أقصاه 8 تموز / يوليه.
هل تسري أيضا لائحة المفوضية الخاصة بإنشاء سجل الاتحاد للفترات المنتهية في 31 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2018 بالنسبة للاتحاد الأوروبي للاتصالات (رقم 920/2018) على العمليات المصرفية وغيرها بعد 1 كانون الثاني / يناير 2018؟ ما هو الأساس القانوني الذي يحكم الخطوات التشغيلية فيما يتعلق بالخدمات المصرفية لبدلات الانبعاثات؟
وتنص المادة 57 من اللائحة التنفيذية رقم 920/2018 على صرف المخصصات من فترة التداول الثانية إلى الثالثة.
هل تعيد اللجنة النظر في إمكانية العمل المصرفي؟
لا، لا تنظر اللجنة في أية تغييرات تتعلق بالقدرة على العلاوات المصرفية بين المراحل. وإمكانية التعامل مع البدلات أمر أساسي في تشكيل الأسعار وإشارة سعرية طويلة الأجل لدفع الاستثمار في رأس المال والابتكار الرأسمالي الأقل كثافة.
ما هي الضمانات التي تفرضها الشركة التي لديها التزام التزام بموجب إتس إتحاد الأوروبي يحمل الائتمان الدولي في التشريعات إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي فيما يتعلق بتبادلها من فترة التداول الثانية؟
ويسمح التوجيه المنقح ل إتس بتخفيض وحدات خفض الانبعاثات المعتمدة ووحدات خفض الإنبعاثات إلى بدلات حتى الحد المحدد لاستخدام هذه الوحدات. وترد الطرائق التفصيلية لهذا التبادل في لائحة السجلات. ويضمن تبادل الأرصدة المؤهلة حتى الحد المسموح به حتى 31 مارس 2018.
وسيحدد الحد الأقصى لاستخدام الائتمانات الدولية عملا بالمادة 11 أ (8) من توجيه الاتحاد الأوروبي بشأن التجارة الإلكترونية من خلال لائحة مستقلة للجنة.
ما هو الحد الأقصى لمستوى الخدمات المصرفية الدولية؟
ووفقا لبروتوكول كيوتو، يجوز للأطراف أن تختار مصارف وحدات خفض الانبعاثات المعتمدة ووحدات خفض الانبعاثات (عملية تسمى المرحلة المرحلية في بروتوكول كيوتو) تصل إلى مستوى يعادل 2.5 في المائة من الكمية المخصصة الأولية للحزب بالنسبة لوحدات خفض الانبعاثات المعتمدة و 2.5 في المائة لوحدات تخفيض الانبعاثات. وهذا الحد من النقل المرحل بموجب بروتوكول كيوتو هو حد يطبق على مستوى الطرف (أي البلد). وبعبارة أخرى، هذا حق يمنح للدول الأعضاء. ومدى منح الدولة العضو حق الاستيلاء على الكيانات الخاصة مسألة تنظر فيها على الصعيد الوطني، رهنا بالمبدأ العام لقانون الاتحاد الأوروبي بشأن عدم التمييز بين الكيانات على أساس الجنسية.
أسئلة وأجوبة حول تفعيل قائمة الحسابات الموثوقة وحسابات التداول (31/08/2018)
ما هي قائمة الحسابات الموثوق بها؟
قد يكون لكل حساب حساب وحساب تجاري قائمة حسابات موثوق بها. تحتوي هذه القائمة على الحسابات التي يحددها صاحب الحساب والتي يمكن تنفيذ عمليات النقل بصدق.
كيفية إضافة حساب إلى قائمة الحسابات الموثوق بها؟
يتم تضمين الحسابات التي يحملها صاحب الحساب نفسه تلقائيا في قائمة حساب موثوق به. ويمكن أن يقترح إضافة حسابات أخرى موثوق بها من قبل أي ممثل معتمد لصاحب الحساب.
أما بالنسبة للمعامالت، فيتم تطبيق تأخير بين الموافقة على طلب إضافة حساب إلى قائمة الحسابات الموثوق بها وتنفيذ الطلب. (7) أيام بعد أن يتم تأكيد المقترح إما من قبل ممثل إضافي مفوض (أو ممثل آخر مفوض إذا لم يتم تعيين ممثل إضافي معتمد).
ما الفرق بين حساب الحيازة وحساب التداول؟
لا يمكن للحسابات القابضة سوى إجراء تحويلات إلى الحسابات المحددة في قائمة حساباتها الموثوق بها. ولا تتطلب مثل هذه التحويلات موافقة ممثل إضافي مفوض، ولكنها تظل خاضعة للتأخير لمدة 26 ساعة. ومع ذلك، يمكن لصاحب الحساب أيضا أن يحافظ على الحاجة إلى الموافقة على كل عملية نقل من قبل ممثل معتمد آخر.
قد تحتوي حسابات التداول أيضا على قائمة حسابات موثوق بها. أما بالنسبة للحسابات القابضة، فقد يتم تأكيد التحويلات من قبل ممثل إضافي مفوض. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لا تخضع التحويلات من حساب التداول إلى حساب في قائمة الحسابات الموثوق بها لتأخير 26 ساعة.
وخلافا للحسابات القابضة، يسمح لحسابات التداول بإجراء تحويلات إلى حسابات خارج قائمة حساباتهم الموثوق بها؛ وفي هذه الحالة، تخضع عمليات النقل للتأخير لمدة 26 ساعة ويجب أن يؤكدها ممثل إضافي مفوض.
ويرد في الجدول أدناه موجز للحالات المختلفة:
المشاركة في نظام الاتحاد الأوروبي لتجارة الانبعاثات (الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس)
مقدمة في نظام تداول الانبعاثات في الاتحاد الأوروبي، بما في ذلك كيفية عمل نظام الحد الأقصى للتبادل التجاري، وكيفية تخصيص البدلات المجانية، وتفاصيل عن الامتثال، وإدراج الطيران في النظام، ومخطط التعطيل في المملكة المتحدة بالنسبة للبعثات الصغيرة والمستشفيات.
نظرة عامة.
وتعتبر إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي أكبر نظام تجاري لانبعاثات غازات الاحتباس الحراري متعدد الدول، متعدد القطاعات في العالم.
وهو يضم أكثر من 11،000 محطة توليد الكهرباء والمنشآت الصناعية في جميع أنحاء الاتحاد الأوروبي مع حوالي 1000 من هذه في المملكة المتحدة. وهي تشمل محطات توليد الكهرباء ومصافي النفط والمنصات البحرية والصناعات التي تنتج الحديد والصلب والاسمنت والجير والورق والزجاج والسيراميك والمواد الكيميائية.
ويمكن أيضا أن تشمل المنظمات الأوروبية الأخرى، بما في ذلك الجامعات والمستشفيات، منظمات أخرى، اعتمادا على قدرة احتراق المعدات في مواقعها. كما يتم تغطية شركات الطيران المتجهة إلى أو من مطار أوروبي من قبل إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي.
وتوضح هذه الإرشادات سقف الاتحاد الأوروبي ونظامه التجاري، بما في ذلك تفاصيل مراحل تسليم النظام. وهو يقدم معلومات عن طلب المملكة المتحدة للبدلات المجانية للمرحلة الثالثة من خلال تدابير التنفيذ الوطنية، فضلا عن تفاصيل الامتثال والتحقق. وهناك أيضا أقسام بشأن تنظيم الانبعاثات لقطاع الطيران وخطة التعطيل الصغيرة للمستشفيات والمصارف في المملكة المتحدة.
الغطاء والتجارة.
تعمل إتس الاتحاد الأوروبي على أساس "سقف والتجارة"، لذلك هناك "سقف" أو الحد المحدد على إجمالي انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة المسموح بها من قبل جميع المشاركين التي يغطيها النظام ويتم تحويل هذا الحد الأقصى إلى بدلات الانبعاثات القابلة للتجارة.
وتخصص مخصصات الانبعاثات القابلة للتداول للمشاركين في السوق؛ في الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس يتم ذلك عن طريق مزيج من تخصيص الحرة والمزادات. يمنح أحد البدلات لصاحب الحق الحق في انبعاث طن واحد من ثاني أكسيد الكربون (أو ما يعادله). يجب على المشاركين الذين تغطيهم إتس إتحاد الأوروبي رصد انبعاثاتهم والإبلاغ عنها كل عام، وتسليم ما يكفي من بدلات الانبعاثات لتغطية انبعاثاتهم السنوية.
والمشاركون الذين يحتمل أن ينبعثوا أكثر من تخصيصهم لديهم خيار بين اتخاذ تدابير لخفض انبعاثاتهم أو شراء بدلات إضافية؛ إما من السوق الثانوية - مثل الشركات التي تحتفظ بدلات لا تحتاجها - أو من الدول الأعضاء التي تعقد مزادات. ويمكن الاطلاع على مزيد من المعلومات في صفحة إتس للاتحاد الأوروبي: صفحة ويب أسواق الكربون.
ولا يهم ما إذا كانت هناك تخفيضات في الانبعاثات (من حيث الموقع الفعلي) لأن وفورات الانبعاثات لها نفس الأثر البيئي أينما كانت.
والأساس المنطقي وراء الاتجار بالانبعاثات هو أنه يتيح تخفيض الانبعاثات بحيث تكون تكلفة التخفيض أقل، مما يقلل التكلفة الإجمالية لمعالجة تغير المناخ.
كيف يعمل التداول: مثال افتراضي مبسط.
تاريخيا التركيب A وتركيب B على حد سواء تنبعث 210 طن من CO2 سنويا. في إطار عملية تخصيص الاتحاد الأوروبي يتم منحهم 200 بدل لكل منهما. وفي نهاية السنة الأولى، سجلت انبعاثات قدرها 180 مليون طن من أجل التركيب A حيث قامت بتركيب مرجل ذو كفاءة في استخدام الطاقة في بداية السنة مما أدى إلى خفض انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون. ويصبح الآن حرا في بيع بدلات الفائض في سوق الكربون.
بيد أن التركيب باء أدى إلى انبعاث 220 مليون طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون لأنه يحتاج إلى زيادة طاقته الإنتاجية وكان من المكلف جدا أن يستثمر في تكنولوجيا كفاءة استخدام الطاقة.
وبناء على ذلك، اشترى التركيب باء بدلات من السوق، كانت قد أتيحت لأن المنشأة ألف استطاعت أن تبيع بدلاتها الإضافية.
ويتمثل الأثر الصافي في أن الاستثمار في خفض الكربون يحدث في مكان أرخص، وتقتصر انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون على 400 بدل صادر لكلتا المنظمتين.
مراحل تسليم نظام تداول الانبعاثات.
وقد تم حتى الآن تسليم أو تنفيذ ثلاث مراحل تشغيلية من إتس للاتحاد الأوروبي على الرغم من أنه من المتوخى أن يستمر المخطط بعد عام 2020:
المرحلة الأولى (1 كانون الثاني / يناير 2005 إلى 31 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2007)
اكتملت هذه المرحلة. ويمكن الاطلاع على مزيد من التفاصيل حول هذه المرحلة على نسخة الأرشيف الوطني للصفحة الإلكترونية للمرحلة الأولى من إتس.
المرحلة الثانية (1 كانون الثاني / يناير 2008 إلى 31 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2018)
وتزامنت المرحلة الثانية من إتس الأوروبي مع أول فترة التزام كيوتو. واستندت المرحلة الثانية إلى الدروس المستخلصة من المرحلة الأولى، وتم توسيعها لتشمل انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الزجاج والصوف المعدني والجبس والحرق من إنتاج النفط والغاز في الخارج والبتروكيماويات والأسود الكربوني وأعمال الصلب المتكاملة.
وفي المرحلة الثانية، وضعت كل دولة عضو خطة تخصيص وطنية تحدد مجموع الكميات التي تخصصها الدولة العضو خلال تلك المرحلة وكيف اقترحت توزيع تلك البدلات على كل مشغل من مشغليها الذين تغطيهم النظام. وكان لا بد من موافقة كل من اللجنة الأوروبية على كل خطة عمل وطنية. ونشرت خطة العمل الوطنية للمرحلة الثانية من خطة العمل الوطنية المعتمدة في 16 آذار / مارس 2007.
ويمكن الاطلاع على مزيد من التفاصيل حول هذه المرحلة على النسخة الوطنية من المحفوظات من النسخة الوطنية للمحفوظات من الصفحة الإلكترونية للمرحلة الثانية من الشبكة الأوروبية للاتصالات المتنقلة الأوروبية.
المرحلة الثالثة (1 كانون الثاني / يناير 2018 إلى 31 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 2020)
وتستند المرحلة الحالية من إتس إتحاد الاتحاد الأوروبي على المرحلتين السابقتين وتنقح بشكل كبير لتقديم مساهمة أكبر في التصدي لتغير المناخ بما في ذلك: سقف على نطاق الاتحاد الأوروبي على عدد البدلات المتاحة وزيادة في المزاد العلني لتلك البدلات، وكذلك كما مخطط المملكة المتحدة لخفض تكاليف الامتثال لبعثات صغيرة والمستشفيات.
وسيخفض سقف الاتحاد الأوروبي عدد البدلات المتاحة بنسبة 1.74٪ كل عام، مما سيؤدي إلى انخفاض إجمالي بنسبة 21٪ عن الانبعاثات التي تم التحقق منها بحلول عام 2020 بحلول عام 2020. وسيتم حساب المسار من نقطة انطلاق منتصف المرحلة الثانية وسيصف وهو انخفاض منخفض منذ عام 2018 فصاعدا.
التخصيص المجاني للبدلات.
وتتاح لجميع القطاعات التي يشملها الاتحاد الأوروبي لخدمات الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية، باستثناء معظم قطاع الطاقة في الاتحاد الأوروبي، مخصصات مجانية للبدلات من أجل المساعدة في انتقالها إلى اقتصاد منخفض الكربون.
وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن القطاعات الصناعية المعرضة لخطر كبير للمنافسة من البلدان التي لا توجد فيها تكاليف مماثلة للكربون (انظر القسم المتعلق بتسرب الكربون في إتس للاتحاد الأوروبي للحصول على مزيد من المعلومات) مؤهلة للحصول على نسبة أعلى من البدلات مجانا.
وفي عام 2018، طلب من الدول الأعضاء أن تقدم إلى المفوضية الأوروبية قائمة بالعدد الأولي للبدلات المجانية التي ستصدر إلى كل منشأة صناعية في المرحلة الثالثة، يشار إليها باسم "تدابير التنفيذ الوطنية" أو "نيم". وقدمت المملكة المتحدة تقاريرها الوطنية إلى المفوضية الأوروبية في 12 ديسمبر / كانون الأول 2018، ثم قدمت تعديلات جديدة في نيسان / أبريل 2018.
وفي 5 أيلول / سبتمبر 2018، أعلنت المفوضية الأوروبية الانتهاء من عملية التحقق من التخصيص الحر لبدلات الاتحاد الأوروبي لتكنولوجيا الاتصالات الإلكترونية في كل دولة من الدول الأعضاء. وأعلن أيضا أن هناك حاجة إلى عامل تصحيح مشترك بين القطاعات لضمان أن يظل التوزيع المجاني في جميع أنحاء الاتحاد الأوروبي ضمن الحد الأقصى المنصوص عليه في التوجيه إتس. وقد خفض هذا العامل المخصصات األولية لكل تركيب من أنظمة إتس في االتحاد األوروبي بنسبة 5.73٪ في عام 2018، ليصل إلى 17.56٪ في عام 2020. وبالتالي، فإن متوسط تخفيض المخصصات هو 11.58٪ خالل الفترة 2018-2020.
وتبين القائمة الأولى أدناه أرقام تخصيص مجانية في المرحلة الثالثة لكل منشأة صناعية في المملكة المتحدة، على النحو الذي وافقت عليه المفوضية الأوروبية في 18 ديسمبر 2018. وتظهر القائمة الثانية أرقام تخصيص مجانية محدثة للمرحلة الثالثة، مع مراعاة أي تغييرات في المخصص المتفق عليها في نيمس في المملكة المتحدة للمنشآت الفردية اعتبارا من 30 أبريل 2018، على سبيل المثال بسبب توقف جزئي، تخفيضات كبيرة في القدرات أو حيث دخلت المنشآت الاتحاد الأوروبي إتس (الداخلين الجدد). وسوف يتم تحديث هذه القائمة على أساس سنوي لمراعاة التغييرات التي طرأت على التخصيص على مدار المرحلة.
التخصيص المجاني للمرحلة الثالثة كما تمت الموافقة عليه في تدابير التنفيذ الوطنية في المملكة المتحدة.
بدف، 635KB، 14 باجيس.
قد لا يكون هذا الملف مناسبا لمستخدمي التكنولوجيا المساعدة. طلب نسق يسهل الوصول إليه.
إذا كنت تستخدم التكنولوجيا المساعدة (مثل قارئ الشاشة) وتحتاج إلى إصدار من هذا المستند بتنسيق أكثر سهولة، يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكتروني: communicationence@decc. gsi. gov. uk. من فضلك قل لنا ما الشكل الذي تحتاجه. وسوف يساعدنا إذا كنت تقول ما التكنولوجيا المساعدة التي تستخدمها.
جدول التخصيص الوطني في المملكة المتحدة: التوزيع المجاني للمرحلة الثالثة بما في ذلك التغييرات في التخصيص: يونيو 2018.
بدف، 727 كيلوبايت، 31 صفحة.
قد لا يكون هذا الملف مناسبا لمستخدمي التكنولوجيا المساعدة. طلب نسق يسهل الوصول إليه.
إذا كنت تستخدم التكنولوجيا المساعدة (مثل قارئ الشاشة) وتحتاج إلى إصدار من هذا المستند بتنسيق أكثر سهولة، يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكتروني: communicationence@decc. gsi. gov. uk. من فضلك قل لنا ما الشكل الذي تحتاجه. وسوف يساعدنا إذا كنت تقول ما التكنولوجيا المساعدة التي تستخدمها.
جدول التخصيص الوطني في المملكة المتحدة: المرحلة الثالثة التخصيص الوطني بما في ذلك التغييرات: أبريل 2018.
بدف، 397 كيلوبايت، 32 صفحة.
قد لا يكون هذا الملف مناسبا لمستخدمي التكنولوجيا المساعدة. طلب نسق يسهل الوصول إليه.
إذا كنت تستخدم التكنولوجيا المساعدة (مثل قارئ الشاشة) وتحتاج إلى إصدار من هذا المستند بتنسيق أكثر سهولة، يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكتروني: communicationence@decc. gsi. gov. uk. من فضلك قل لنا ما الشكل الذي تحتاجه. وسوف يساعدنا إذا كنت تقول ما التكنولوجيا المساعدة التي تستخدمها.
جدول التخصيص الوطني في المملكة المتحدة: المرحلة الثالثة التخصيص الوطني بما في ذلك التغييرات: أبريل 2018.
مس إكسيل سبريادشيت، 73.2KB.
قد لا يكون هذا الملف مناسبا لمستخدمي التكنولوجيا المساعدة. طلب نسق يسهل الوصول إليه.
إذا كنت تستخدم التكنولوجيا المساعدة (مثل قارئ الشاشة) وتحتاج إلى إصدار من هذا المستند بتنسيق أكثر سهولة، يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكتروني: communicationence@decc. gsi. gov. uk. من فضلك قل لنا ما الشكل الذي تحتاجه. وسوف يساعدنا إذا كنت تقول ما التكنولوجيا المساعدة التي تستخدمها.
جدول التخصيص الوطني في المملكة المتحدة: المرحلة الثالثة التخصيص الوطني بما في ذلك التغييرات: أبريل 2017.
بدف، 407KB، 24 باجيس.
قد لا يكون هذا الملف مناسبا لمستخدمي التكنولوجيا المساعدة. طلب نسق يسهل الوصول إليه.
إذا كنت تستخدم التكنولوجيا المساعدة (مثل قارئ الشاشة) وتحتاج إلى إصدار من هذا المستند بتنسيق أكثر سهولة، يرجى مراسلتنا على البريد الإلكتروني: communicationence@decc. gsi. gov. uk. من فضلك قل لنا ما الشكل الذي تحتاجه. وسوف يساعدنا إذا كنت تقول ما التكنولوجيا المساعدة التي تستخدمها.
تسرب الكربون والاتحاد الأوروبي إتس.
Carbon leakage is a term used to describe the prospect of an increase in global greenhouse gas emissions when a company shifts production or investment outside the EU because - in the absence of an legally binding international climate agreement - they are unable to pass on the cost increases induced by the EU ETS to their customers without significant loss of market share.
The best way to address carbon leakage would be a legally binding international climate agreement. This would create a level playing field for industry inside and outside the EU with respect to accounting for the costs of carbon.
In the meantime, the EU ETS provides 2 mechanisms to mitigate the risk of carbon leakage. First, sectors deemed to be at significant risk of carbon leakage are eligible to receive 100% free allocation of allowances up to the sector’s benchmark. This is a significant source of relief, as sectors not deemed at risk will receive 80% of their allocation for free in 2018, declining annually to 30% in 2020 with a view to reaching 0% (ie full auctioning) in 2027.
The second mechanism allows Member States to compensate sectors at significant risk of carbon leakage as a result of indirect EU ETS costs (ie through EU ETS - related increases in electricity prices), provided that schemes are designed within the framework set by the European Commission (see section on indirect carbon leakage compensation scheme for more information).
The UK government strongly supports the principle of free allocation in the absence of an international climate agreement. We believe that the proportionate free allocation of allowances gives relief to sectors at significant risk of carbon leakage, without raising barriers to international trade. We are concerned however that those most at risk may not be compensated sufficiently in the future if current EU ETS rules are not reformed for Phase IV of the EU ETS .
The UK government recognises industry concerns around competitiveness and carbon leakage and is committed to ensuring that sectors genuinely at significant risk of carbon leakage are protected from this risk. In June 2018, we published a research project commissioned by the Department of Energy and Climate Change and undertaken by Vivid Economics and Ecofys, which investigates the occurrence of carbon leakage so far and the fundamental drivers of carbon leakage for a selection of industrial sectors and assesses the measures in place for its mitigation.
The report models the risk of carbon leakage for 24 industrial sectors, and was produced in consultation with industry stakeholders. Modelling analysis shows that in the absence of any mitigating policy measures (such as free allocation of allowances), no allowance for carbon abatement potential, and no increase in carbon regulation outside of the European Union, a number of sectors are at risk of leakage. Given these assumptions, the modelling analysis shows higher rates of carbon leakage than would be expected to occur in reality. The views expressed in the report are those of its writers, and do not represent an official position of the UK government.
The final report, case studies and associated peer review are available:
Assessment of carbon leakage status for the free allocation of allowances.
Sectors at risk of carbon leakage are assessed against a set of criteria and thresholds set out in the EU ETS Directive. The list of sectors deemed at risk of leakage for the period 2018-2018 were agreed through the EU comitology procedure in December 2009, with additions to the list made in subsequent European Commission Decisions.
The EU ETS Directive allows for a review of sectors at risk every five years, with the possibility of adding sectors to the list on annual, ad hoc basis. On 5 May 2018, the European Commission published its draft list of sectors for the period 2018-19, based on the quantitative and qualitative criteria set out in the ETS Directive. The draft carbon leakage list will be presented to the EU Climate Change Committee for vote shortly, after which it must be sent to the European Parliament and the Council for three months scrutiny before adoption.
On 31 August 2018, the UK responded to the European Commission’s consultation on the methodology for determination of the carbon leakage list for 2018 to 2019.
Indirect carbon leakage compensation scheme.
In the 2018 Autumn Statement, the Chancellor announced that the government intended to implement measures to reduce the impact of policy on the costs of electricity for the most electricity-intensive industries, beginning in 2018 and worth around £250 million over the Spending Review period.
As part of this, the government has committed to compensate the most electricity-intensive businesses to help offset the indirect cost of the Carbon Price Floor and the EU ETS , subject to state aid guidelines. In the 2018 Budget, the Chancellor announced that compensation for the indirect costs of the Carbon Price Floor and the EU ETS would be extended to 2019 to 2020.
The European Commission adopted revised State Aid guidelines on compensation for the indirect costs of the EU ETS in June 2018. These guidelines list the sectors deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage due to indirect emissions costs, and provide details of the maximum levels of compensation that can be made available to them. Any Member State compensation scheme must be designed within the framework set by the European Commission.
In October 2018, DECC and BIS launched the energy intensive industries compensation scheme consultation, which set out our proposals for the eligibility and design of the compensation package.
The consultation, which closed in December 2018, provided an opportunity for all those interested in the package to comment on the proposals, helping us ensure that compensation is targeted at those companies who are most at risk of carbon leakage as a result of energy and climate change policies.
Following detailed consideration of the responses and state aid clearance for the EU ETS compensation package, in May 2018 we published the government’s response to the consultation and the final compensation scheme design for the EU ETS . The UK started making payments in respect of indirect costs of the EU ETS in 2018.
For Carbon Price Floor compensation, which remains subject to state aid approval from the European Commission, we expect to publish guidance later in the summer and begin payments shortly thereafter.
New Entrants Reserve.
The New Entrants Reserve (NER ) is a set aside of EU allowances, reserved for new operators or existing operators who have significantly increased capacity. The UK’s EU ETS Regulators are responsible for administering and assessing all NER applications.
Further information on allowances can be found on the EU ETS : allowances page.
Complying with the EU ETS.
The EU ETS Regulators are responsible for enforcing compliance with the EU ETS Regulations, including operational functions such as granting and maintaining permits and emissions plans (for aviation), monitoring and reporting (including monitoring plans), assessing verified emission reports (and tonne-kilometre reports), assessing applications to the NER , determining reductions in allocations as a result of changes in capacity or cessation of activities, exchanging of information with UKAS on verifier activities.
For the purpose of calculating civil penalties, BEIS determine the value of the EU ETS carbon price used by the regulator. The determination is published in November each year:
On 7 August 2018, we launched a consultation on a number of technical amendments to the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2018 so as to simplify and harmonize EU ETS penalties in the transition to Phase III, improve clarity and reduce the burden for businesses. The consultation closed on 19 September 2018.
For more information on how to comply with EU ETS please visit:
Monitoring, reporting, verification and accreditation.
The European Commission’s Guidance on the Accreditation and Verification Regulation aims to help operators of all stationary installations, aviation operators, verification bodies and regulators perform verifications consistently throughout the EU . It provides practical information and advice on the process and requirements for annual verification required by the EU ETS Directive, the European Commission’s Monitoring and Reporting Regulation and Greenhouse Gas permits/monitoring plans/tonne-kilometre plans.
Finding an accredited EU ETS verifier in the UK.
The UKAS list does not include verifiers accredited by other national accreditation bodies and under Phase III rules there is no ‘registration’ or acceptance procedure for non-UK verifiers. All verifiers are required to demonstrate that they are either accredited (or certified) in accordance with the Accreditation and Verification Regulation. Operators are responsible for ensuring that their verifier is accredited for the relevant scope of work. Details of a verifier’s scope of accreditation can be found on the verifier’s accreditation certificate.
Include the following information in your email:
name of verifier organisation country accreditation identification number a copy of your accreditation certificate full name and email address of the main point of contact (this user will have the responsibility for managing other users for this verifier)
Once the ETSWAP administrator has approved your request for access, ETSWAP will send you an email with the login details for your individual user account.
To apply for a verifier Registry account, email etregistryhelp@environment-agency. gov. uk for an application pack.
Further guidance.
Using UK greenhouse gas inventory data in EU ETS monitoring and reporting: the country-specific factor list.
The European Commission’s Regulation on Monitoring and Reporting allows nationally reported data to be used as default factors in specific circumstances.
Carbon emission factors and calorific values from the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory (AEA-Ricardo) are available for annual emissions reporting for the EU ETS :
Emission factors and calorific values for 2017.
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 81.7KB.
The national factors are Tier 2 and Tier 2a emission factors and net calorific values for specific fuels used by particular industries.
The data have largely been extracted from the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory that is presented on an annual basis to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC ). The Greenhouse Gas Inventory is developed independently to the EU Emissions Trading System. This data means the data referred to in Article 31(1) of the Monitoring and Reporting Regulation.
The factors in these tables should only be used in accordance with the requirements in an installation’s approved monitoring plan, which is part of the Greenhouse Gas permit.
Tables for previous years are available as follows:
EU ETS non-compliance.
The EU ETS Directive requires Member States to put in place a system of penalties which is effective, proportionate and dissuasive but the nature of the penalties is largely left to Member State discretion (with the exception of the penalty for failure to surrender sufficient allowances in certain circumstances).
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System Regulations 2018 set out the civil penalties to which a person is liable if they do not comply with the EU ETS . DECC has produced the guidance below for the offshore oil and gas industry detailing the Department’s approach to enforcement and sanctions.
The Regulations provide for the right of appeal against decisions of an EU ETS Regulator. In England and Wales appeals for both operators of stationary installations and aircraft operators, as well as offshore installations, are heard by the First-tier Tribunal.
Appeals in Northern Ireland are heard and determined by the Planning Appeals Commission (PAC). In Scotland, the Directorate for Planning and Environmental Appeals (DPEA) in the Scottish Government hears and determines appeals on behalf of the Scottish Ministers.
Different arrangements apply to appeals brought by aviation operators against a penalty notice served under the Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2018 for the 2018 scheme year. The relevant rules under the 2018 Regulations continue to apply in relation to any appeal brought against any decision made or notice served under the 2018 Regulations. These provide that the appeal body is the Secretary of State or an independent person appointed by the Secretary of State.
Appeal Determinations.
2018 scheme year: Six appeals determinations have been made under these Regulations:
Aviation in the EU ETS.
The EU Emissions Trading System requires aircraft operators to monitor and report emissions of CO2 and surrender the equivalent number of allowances. The scheme is designed to be a cost-effective means of tackling the CO2 emissions from aviation, enabling the aviation industry to grow sustainably whilst delivering emission reductions. The scheme applies to all flights between airports in the European Economic Area.
The key changes are:
an Intra-European Economic Area (EEA) scope for the Aviation ETS from 1 January 2018 until 31 December 2018 a deferral of compliance deadlines for 2018 emissions until March and April 2018 an exemption for non-commercial operators emitting less than 1,000 tonnes of CO2 per year until 2020 simplified procedures for operators emitting less than 25,000 tonnes of CO2 per year the number of free allowances issued and allowances auctioned are reduced in proportion to the reduction in scope.
We welcome views from any organisation or individual, and the consultation will be of particular interest to aircraft operators, aerodrome operators, verifiers, other participants in the EU ETS and environmental groups.
Regulation of aircraft operators’ emissions.
Each aircraft operator is administered by a single member state. The European Commission produces an annual list showing which operators are administered by which member state.
You can find out more about what operators need to do to comply with the scheme on the EU ETS : operators and activities affected web page.
Auctioning.
Free allocation to aircraft operators.
The European Commission enacted legislation in April 2018 changing the scope of EUETS with regards to international aviation emissions (Regulation (EU ) No 421/2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC ). As a result of the change in scope of Aviation EU ETS , the UK is obligated to recalculate the allocation of free allowances due to eligible aircraft operators. This recalculation has been done in accordance with the Commission guidance.
The table includes all operators who were previously due free allowances and indicates their new free allowance allocation under the reduced scope. Operators who ceased operations have been removed from this list.
Operators who are now exempt under the new non-commercial de minimis (under 1,000tCO2 per annum calculated on the basis of full scope) still appear in this table. However owing to their exempt status these operators are not due free allowances and as such their Aircraft Operator Holding Account (AOHA) will be marked as ‘excluded’ in the registry – meaning that no transactions can be carried out and no free allowances will be deposited.
If you believe you are no longer due any allowances as a result of the changes or you wish to seek further clarification as to your new free allowance allocation please contact the Environment Agency aviation helpdesk ETAviationHelp@environment-agency. gov. uk.
Historic information.
Please visit the EU ETS legislation page to see UK legislation and EU Regulations.
Please visit the National Archives version of the Aviation in the EU Emissions Trading System web pages to see information relating to aviation/aviation appeals previously available on the DECC website.
Small Emitter and Hospital Opt-out Scheme.
The UK’s Small Emitter and Hospital Opt-out Scheme allows eligible installations to be excluded from Phase 3 (2018 to 2020) of the EU ETS . The scheme has been approved by the European Commission.
Article 27 of the EU ETS Directive enables small emitters and hospitals to be excluded from the EU ETS , with the primary aim of reducing the administrative burdens on these installations. This acknowledges that the administrative costs faced by smaller emitters under the EU ETS are disproportionately high per tonne of CO2, in comparison to the costs for large emitting installations. The Directive requires that excluded installations are subject to a domestic scheme that will deliver an equivalent contribution to emission reductions as the EU ETS .
The UK’s opt-out scheme was designed in consultation with industry and aims to offer a simple, deregulatory alternative to the EU ETS whilst maintaining the incentives for emission reductions. We estimate that the scheme will offer savings of up to £39 million to industry over Phase III.
The opt-out scheme offers deregulatory savings through:
the replacement of a requirement to surrender allowances with an emissions reduction target simplified monitoring, reporting and verification requirements (MRV), including the removal of the requirement for third party verification no requirement to hold an active registry account less burdensome rules for target adjustment following an increase in installation capacity.
Further details on the scheme are contained in the documents listed below. Please note that these documents will be updated later in 2018. The consultations referred to in the ‘Frequently asked questions’ document are now closed.
Participants in the opt-out scheme.
The application period for the opt-out scheme ran from 23 May to 18 July 2018. Operators of 247 installations were approved to participate in the opt-out scheme by the European Commission as excluded from the EU ETS .
The EU ETS Directive does not provide for further installations to join the opt-out scheme.
Previous information on the development of the scheme including, the application period, policy development and the small emitters workshop held on the 12 June 2018, can be viewed on the National Archives website.
معلومات المستند.
Published: 22 January 2018.
Updated: 31 July 2017.
31 July 2017 Emission factors and calorific values for 2017. 27 April 2017 UK National Allocation Table: Phase III National Allocation including changes: April 2017. 21 September 2018 Determination of 4 appeals under the Aviation EU ETS. 28 July 2018 Emission factors and calorific values for 2018 29 April 2018 UK National Allocation Table: Phase III National Allocation including changes: April 2018 29 April 2018 UK National Allocation Table: Phase III National Allocation including changes: April 2018 23 October 2018 Jet Airways civil penalty appeal determination added 20 October 2018 Addition of EU ETS strategy and reform paper 26 August 2018 Addition of free aviation allowance table 16 July 2018 Added information regarding Phase IV. 15 May 2018 Peer review of Ecofys cap-setting report published. 30 April 2018 Updated EU ETS National Allocation table published. 7 August 2018 Details of consultation added under "Complying with the EU ETS". 13 May 2018 The Government response to the consultation on Implementing the Aviation Emissions Trading System ‘stop the clock’ Decision in UK Regulations has been published today. 4 March 2018 Includes new information about a carbon leakage call for evidence. 31 January 2018 Update to include the recent European Commission announcement on NIMS 22 January 2018 First published.
ساعدنا في تحسين GOV. UK.
الخدمات والمعلومات.
الإدارات والسياسات.
روابط الدعم.
مساعدة ملفات تعريف الارتباط الاتصال الشروط والأحكام ريستر o واسانيثاو سيمرايغ بيلت بي ذي غوفرنمنت ديجيتال سيرفيس.
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Emissions cap and allowances.
The overall volume of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the power plants, factories and other fixed installations covered by the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) is limited by a 'cap' on the number of emission allowances. A separate cap applies to the aviation sector. Within these Europe-wide caps, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade as needed.
Each allowance gives the holder the right to emit.
one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the main greenhouse gas, or the equivalent amount of two more powerful greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).
Some allowances are allocated or auctioned specifically to aviation operators. Airlines can use any allowances for compliance purposes, but fixed installations cannot use aviation allowances.
Cap for fixed installations decreases each year.
The 2018 cap for emissions from fixed installations was set at 2,084,301,856 allowances. During phase 3 of the EU ETS (2018-2020), this cap decreases each year by a linear reduction factor of 1.74% of the average total quantity of allowances issued annually in 2008-2018. This amounts to a reduction of 38,264,246 allowances each year.
The linear reduction factor determines the pace of emission reductions in the EU ETS. It is a feature without an end date and as such it gives investors certainty about the return on investment in emission reductions.
Thanks to the decreasing cap, the number of allowances that can be used by fixed installations to cover emissions will be 21% lower in 2020 than in 2005 .
To achieve the target of cutting EU emissions by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990, agreed by EU leaders as part of the 2030 climate and energy framework, the cap will need to be lowered by 2.2% per year from 2021 .
This would reduce emissions from fixed installations to around 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 . By 2050, emissions would be reduced by around 90% compared to 2005.
Aviation cap set at 210 million allowances for 2018-2020.
The aviation sector cap remains the same in each year of the 2018-2020 trading period.
The cap has been provisionally set at 210,349,264 aviation allowances per year, which is 5% below the average annual level of aviation emissions in the 2004-2006 base period.
The cap will be adjusted to include additional aviation activities arising from Croatia's full integration into the aviation part of the EU ETS on 1 January 2018.
Useful documents.
Open all questions.
Emissions trading: Questions and Answers concerning the second Commission Decision on the EU ETS cap for 2018 (October 2018)
What is the EU ETS cap and why are two steps needed to set it?
The EU ETS cap is the total amount of emission allowances to be issued for a given year under the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Since each allowance represents the right to emit one tonne of CO 2 - or an amount of another greenhouse gas giving the same contribution to global warming as one tonne of CO 2 - the total number of allowances, i. e. the “cap”, determines the maximum amount of emissions possible under the EU ETS.
In July 2018, the Commission adopted a decision that determined the cap for 2018 based on the current scope of the EU ETS, ie the installations covered in the 2008-2018 period. The second decision, adopted today, takes into account the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2018.
Which new sectors and gases are covered under the extended scope?
The EU ETS covers installations performing specific activities. Since its launch in 2005 the system has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and installations producing cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently covers only carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands and Austria, which have opted to include emissions from nitrous oxide ( N2O) emissions from some specific installations.
As from 2018, the scope of the ETS will be extended to include other sectors and greenhouse gases. Inter alia, more CO 2 emissions from installations producing bulk organic chemicals, hydrogen, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. Installations performing activities which result in these emissions will be included in the EU ETS as from 2018.
What is the cap for 2018 and how has it been determined?
The cap for the year 2018 has been determined at 2,084,301,856 allowances..
This figure is based on the national allocation plans of Member States for the period from 2008 to 2018 but also takes into account the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2018 as well as installations 'opted in' to the system by Member States from 2008. It is composed of the following elements:
The Union-wide quantity of allowances which have been issued by Member States in accordance with the Commission Decisions on the National Allocation Plans of Member States for the period from 2008 to 2018. This amounts to 1,976,784,044 in 2018. The average annual quantity of allowances which have been issued by Member States to installations that Member States have 'opted in' to the EU ETS. This amounts to 2,678,155. The quantity of allowances that takes into account the effect of the extended scope of the EU ETS, i. e. installations which will be included as from 2018. This concerns installations emitting the following greenhouse gases: CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminum, N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminum sector.
From this quantity, the quantity of allowances that represent the effect of installations opted out from the EU ETS would need to be deducted. The corresponding amount deducted was 4,751,898.
Since the cap for 2018 is calculated from the midpoint of the period 2008 to 2018, i. e. 2018, the linear reduction factor of 1.74% (in absolute figures: 38,264,246 allowances) had to be applied three times (in 2018, 2018, 2018), in order to arrive at the total absolute Union-wide quantity of allowances (cap) for 2018, i. e. 2,084,301,856 allowances.
How have the various figures been established at the 2018 level?
The figure representing the quantity of allowances to be issued in accordance with the National Allocation Plans has been established applying the same methodology as used in the Commission's July decision [2] . Basically, it means that the total quantity actually available in the period from 2008 to 2018 has been added up and divided by five. However, as set out in this Decision, additional information has been taken into account, mainly related to new entrants and closed installations. As a consequence, the corresponding figures are now slightly higher than those indicated in the July decision.
The figure representing the effect of the opt-ins has been established in a similar manner as the figure above, i. e. the relevant annual average for 2018 has been calculated by adding up the total amount of allowances opted in for the period from 2008 to 2018 and dividing it by the relevant number of years.
In order to determine the quantity of allowances by which the cap has to be adjusted in order to reflect the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2018, Member States had to ensure that operators of installations carrying out activities that will be included in the EU ETS only from 2018 onwards submitted duly substantiated and independently verified emissions data..
Member States had to notify duly substantiated data to the Commission by 30 June 2018. The data notified to the Commission cover different years of verified emissions and are therefore not easily comparable. The Commission had to establish an approach with a view to providing a level playing field for all installations included in the EU ETS as from 2018. To this end and for the purpose of establishing the Union-wide quantity of allowances for 2018, the Commission assumed that installations to be included as of 2018 had undertaken the same level of emission reduction efforts as those installations already included before 2018. For this reason, the linear reduction factor of 1.74% was applied to the annual average figure from the midpoint of the period covered by the verified emission data notified by each Member State. The outcome would represent the level of emissions in 2018, had the installations concerned already been included in the EU ETS.
How have the emission data for the new sectors and gases been collected?
Member States have collected the necessary data from installations performing activities which will be included in the EU ETS as from 2018. These data had to be independently verified before the operators of the relevant installations submitted them to the competent authorities of their respective Member State (for which the deadline was 30 April 2018). Where Member States found these data duly substantiated, they could notify them to the Commission by 30 June 2018. On the basis of these notifications, the Commission took into account the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2018.
Is the 2018 cap now final?
In practice and to a large extent yes. However, marginal fine-tuning is likely to be needed over time, for the following potential reasons:
Before the end of 2018 more new entrants may enter the market requesting allowances from certain Member States 'new entrants' reserves which could not be taken into account in the calculation of the cap thus far. These reserves have not been taken into account either because the Member State has decided not to sell or auction allowances that have not been distributed to new entrants by the end of 2018, or because it has not yet decided whether or not to sell or auction such allowances. Only the new entrants' reserves of Member States which have decided to sell or auction such allowances have been taken into account so far. Emission-reduction projects planned under the Kyoto Protocol's Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (or in some cases under the Clean Development Mechanism) may not materialise and thus may not yield credits that can be used to offset emissions in the EU ETS. For this reason, allowances may be allocated from the so-called "JI set aside"; Member States may still 'opt in' to the EU ETS installations and activities not covered by the scope of the Directive; Member States may exclude in the 3rd trading period some specific small installations if equivalent measures are in place. As any corresponding measures will not be notified to the Commission before the end of September 2018, they could not be taken into account in this Decision.
For these reasons, final figures for the 2018 cap may thus not be available before 2018. However, in order to keep the public informed, the Commission will update the figures in 2018 or later. These updates should lead only to marginal changes in the overall quantity of allowances available from 2018 onwards.
What will happen to the cap after 2018?
The cap will decrease each year by 1.74% of the average annual total quantity of allowances issued by the Member States in 2008-2018. In absolute terms this means the number of allowances will be reduced annually by 37,435,387. This annual reduction will continue beyond 2020 but may be subject to revision not later than 2025.
What happens if the EU increases its greenhouse gas reduction target for 2020 from 20% to 30%?
If the EU decided to move to a 30% reduction target the cap would need to be revised. Today's decision reflects the 20% reduction target from 1990 levels as enshrined in current legislation. This translates into a 21% cut in emissions from installations in the EU ETS by 2020 compared with 2005 levels.
Is aviation included in the decision?
Aviation is not included in this decision. The cap to be allocated to aircraft operators will be determined by a separate decision of the Commission, as requested in the legislation [3] which will bring aviation into the EU ETS as from 2018.
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)
The EU Emissions Trading System explained.
The EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) is a cornerstone of the EU's policy to combat climate change and its key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. It is the world's first major carbon market and remains the biggest one.
operates in 31 countries (all 28 EU countries plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) limits emissions from more than 11,000 heavy energy-using installations (power stations & industrial plants) and airlines operating between these countries covers around 45% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.
For a detailed overview, see:
A 'cap and trade' system.
The EU ETS works on the 'cap and trade' principle.
A cap is set on the total amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be emitted by installations covered by the system. The cap is reduced over time so that total emissions fall .
Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed. They can also buy limited amounts of international credits from emission-saving projects around the world. ويضمن الحد الأقصى لعدد البدلات المتاحة أن يكون لها قيمة.
After each year a company must surrender enough allowances to cover all its emissions, otherwise heavy fines are imposed. وإذا خفضت الشركة انبعاثاتها، فإنها يمكن أن تحتفظ بدلات احتياطية لتغطية احتياجاتها المستقبلية أو أن تبيعها إلى شركة أخرى تقل عن المخصصات.
Trading brings flexibility that ensures emissions are cut where it costs least to do so . A robust carbon price also promotes investment in clean, low-carbon technologies .
Key features of phase 3 (2018-2020)
The EU ETS is now in its third phase – significantly different from phases 1 and 2.
The main changes are:
A single, EU-wide cap on emissions applies in place of the previous system of national caps Auctioning is the default method for allocating allowances (instead of free allocation), and harmonised allocation rules apply to the allowances still given away for free More sectors and gases included 300 million allowances set aside in the New Entrants Reserve to fund the deployment of innovative renewable energy technologies and carbon capture and storage through the NER 300 programme.
Sectors and gases covered.
The system covers the following sectors and gases with the focus on emissions that can be measured, reported and verified with a high level of accuracy:
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from power and heat generation energy-intensive industry sectors including oil refineries, steel works and production of iron, aluminium, metals, cement, lime, glass, ceramics, pulp, paper, cardboard, acids and bulk organic chemicals commercial aviation nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from production of nitric, adipic and glyoxylic acids and glyoxal perfluorocarbons (PFCs) from aluminium production.
Participation in the EU ETS is mandatory for companies in these sectors , but.
in some sectors only plants above a certain size are included certain small installations can be excluded if governments put in place fiscal or other measures that will cut their emissions by an equivalent amount in the aviation sector, until 2018 the EU ETS applies only to flights between airports located in the European Economic Area (EEA).
Delivering emissions reductions.
The EU ETS has proved that putting a price on carbon and trading in it can work. Emissions from installations in the scheme are falling as intended – by around 5% compared to the beginning of phase 3 (2018) (see 2018 figures).
In 2020 , emissions from sectors covered by the system will be 21% lower than in 2005 .
Developing the carbon market.
Set up in 2005, the EU ETS is the world's first and biggest international emissions trading system, accounting for over three-quarters of international carbon trading.
The EU ETS is also inspiring the development of emissions trading in other countries and regions. The EU aims to link the EU ETS with other compatible systems.
Main EU ETS legislation.
30/04/2018 - Consolidated version of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 23/04/2009 - Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community 19/11/2008 - Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community 27/10/2004 - Directive 2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol's project mechanisms 13/10/2003 - Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC.
Carbon market reports.
23/11/2017 – COM(2017) 693 – Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 01/02/2017 - COM(2017) 48 - Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 18/11/2018 - COM(2018) 576 - Report on the functioning of the European carbon market 14/11/2018 - COM(2018) 652 - The state of the European carbon market in 2018.
Revision of the EU ETS for phase 3.
04/02/2018 - European Council conclusions of 4 February 2018 (see conclusions 23 and 24) 18/03/2018 - Guidance on interpretation of Annex I of the EU ETS Directive (excl. aviation activities) 18/03/2018 - Guidance paper to identify electricity generators 06/04/2009 - Council press release on the adoption of the climate and energy package 12/12/2008 - Presidency conclusions of the European Council (11 and 12 December 2008) 12/12/2008 - European Council Statement on the use of auction revenues 23/01/2008 - Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community 23/01/2008 - Commission staff working document - Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system - Impact assessment.
التنفيذ.
04/07/2018 - Amended Draft Regulation on determining international credit entitlements 05/06/2018 - Draft regulation on determining international credit entitlements 05/05/2018 Commission Regulation (EU) No 389/2018 of 2 May 2018 establishing a Union Registry pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Decisions No 280/2004/EC and No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulations (EU) No 920/2018 and No 1193/2018 Text with EEA relevance 18/11/2018 - Commission Regulation establishing a Union Registry for the trading period commencing on 1 January 2018, and subsequent trading periods, of the Union emissions trading scheme pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Regulations (EC) No 2216/2004 and (EU) No 920/2018 - not yet published in the Official Journal 07/10/2018 - Commission Regulation (EU) No 920/2018 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council - version not including changes brought by Regulation of 18 November 2018 08/10/2008 - Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 for a standardised and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council - version applicable until 31 December 2018 26/10/2007 - EEA Joint Committee Decision No 146/2007 linking the EU ETS with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein 13/11/2006 - Commission Decision 2006/780/EC on avoiding DOUBLE COUNTING of greenhouse gas emission reductions under the Community emissions trading scheme for project activities under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document number C(2006) 5362) 21/12/2004 - Consolidated version of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2216/2004 for a standardised and secured system of registries amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 916/2007 of 31 July 2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 994/2008 of 8 October 2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 920/2018 of 7 October 2018 - version not including changes brought by Regulation of 18 November 2018.
Application of VAT.
Legislative History of Directive 2003/87/EC.
Work prior to the Commission proposal.
08/02/2000 - COM(2000) 87 - Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union Mandate and results of ECCP Working Group 1 : Flexible mechanisms 04/09/2001 - Chairman's Summary Record of Stakeholder consultation meeting (with Industry and Environmental NGOs) 19/05/1999 - COM(1999) 230 - Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol 03/06/1998 - COM(1998) 353 - Climate Change - Towards an EU Post-Kyoto Strategy Scope of the EU ETS: 07/2007 - Small Installations within the EU Emissions Trading System 10/2006 - Inclusion of additional activities and gases into the EU Emissions Trading System Further harmonisation and increased predictability: 12/2006 - The approach to new entrants and closures 10/2006 - Auctioning of CO2 emission allowances in the EU ETS 10/2006 - Harmonisation of allocation methodologies 12/2006 - Report on international competitiveness ECCP working group on emissions trading on the review of the EU ETS 15/06/2007 - Final report of the 4th meeting on Linking with Emission Trading Systems in Third Countries 22/05/2007 - Final report of the 3rd meeting on Further Harmonisation and Increased Predictability 26/04/2007 - Final Report of the 2nd meeting on Robust Compliance and Enforcement 09/03/2007 - Final Report of the 1st meeting on The Scope of the Directive.
Commission proposal of October 2001.
22/01/2002 - Non-paper on synergies between the EC emissions trading proposal (COM(2001)581) and the IPPC Directive 23/10/2001 - COM(2001) 581 - Proposal for a framework Directive for greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Community.
Commission's reaction to reading of the proposal in Council and Parliament (including Council's common position)
18/07/2003 - COM(2003) 463 - Opinion of the Commission on the European Parliament's amendments to the Council's common position regarding the proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 20/06/2003 - COM(2003) 364 - Commission Communication to the European Parliament concerning the Council's Common Position on the adoption of a Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 18/03/2003 - Common Position (EC) No 28/2003 - Council's Common Position on the adoption of a Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC 27/11/2002 - COM(2002) 680 - Amended proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC Faq.
Open all questions.
Questions and Answers on the revised EU Emissions Trading System (December 2008)
What is the aim of emissions trading?
The aim of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is to help EU Member States achieve their commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way. Allowing participating companies to buy or sell emission allowances means that emission cuts can be achieved at least cost.
The EU ETS is the cornerstone of the EU's strategy for fighting climate change. It is the first international trading system for CO 2 emissions in the world and has been in operation since 2005. As of I January 2008 it applies not only to the 27 EU Member States, but also to the other three members of the European Economic Area – Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. It currently covers over 10,000 installations in the energy and industrial sectors which are collectively responsible for close to half of the EU's emissions of CO 2 and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions. An amendment to the EU ETS Directive agreed in July 2008 will bring the aviation sector into the system from 2018.
كيف يعمل تداول الانبعاثات؟
The EU ETS is a 'cap and trade' system, that is to say it caps the overall level of emissions allowed but, within that limit, allows participants in the system to buy and sell allowances as they require. These allowances are the common trading 'currency' at the heart of the system. One allowance gives the holder the right to emit one tonne of CO 2 or the equivalent amount of another greenhouse gas. The cap on the total number of allowances creates scarcity in the market.
In the first and second trading period under the scheme, Member States had to draw up national allocation plans (NAPs) which determine their total level of ETS emissions and how many emission allowances each installation in their country receives. At the end of each year installations must surrender allowances equivalent to their emissions. Companies that keep their emissions below the level of their allowances can sell their excess allowances. Those facing difficulty in keeping their emissions in line with their allowances have a choice between taking measures to reduce their own emissions – such as investing in more efficient technology or using less carbon-intensive energy sources – or buying the extra allowances they need on the market, or a combination of the two. Such choices are likely to be determined by relative costs. In this way, emissions are reduced wherever it is most cost-effective to do so.
How long has the EU ETS been operating?
The EU ETS was launched on 1 January 2005. The first trading period ran for three years to the end of 2007 and was a 'learning by doing' phase to prepare for the crucial second trading period. The second trading period began on 1 January 2008 and runs for five years until the end of 2018. The importance of the second trading period stems from the fact that it coincides with the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, during which the EU and other industrialised countries must meet their targets to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For the second trading period EU ETS emissions have been capped at around 6.5% below 2005 levels to help ensure that the EU as a whole, and Member States individually, deliver on their Kyoto commitments.
What are the main lessons learned from experience so far?
The EU ETS has put a price on carbon and proved that trading in greenhouse gas emissions works. The first trading period successfully established the free trading of emission allowances across the EU, put in place the necessary infrastructure and developed a dynamic carbon market. The environmental benefit of the first phase may be limited due to excessive allocation of allowances in some Member States and some sectors, due mainly to a reliance on emission projections before verified emissions data became available under the EU ETS. When the publication of verified emissions data for 2005 highlighted this “over-allocation”, the market reacted as would be expected by lowering the market price of allowances. The availability of verified emissions data has allowed the Commission to ensure that the cap on national allocations under the second phase is set at a level that results in real emission reductions.
Besides underlining the need for verified data, experience so far has shown that greater harmonisation within the EU ETS is imperative to ensure that the EU achieves its emissions reductions objectives at least cost and with minimal competitive distortions. The need for more harmonisation is clearest with respect to how the cap on overall emission allowances is set.
The first two trading periods also show that widely differing national methods for allocating allowances to installations threaten fair competition in the internal market. Furthermore, greater harmonisation, clarification and refinement are needed with respect to the scope of the system, the access to credits from emission-reduction projects outside the EU, the conditions for linking the EU ETS to emissions trading systems elsewhere and the monitoring, verification and reporting requirements.
What are the main changes to the EU ETS and as of when will they apply?
The agreed design changes will apply as of the third trading period, i. e. January 2018. While preparatory work will be initiated immediately, the applicable rules will not change until January 2018 to ensure that regulatory stability is maintained.
The EU ETS in the third period will be a more efficient, more harmonised and fairer system.
Increased efficiency is achieved by means of a longer trading period (8 years instead of 5 years), a robust and annually declining emissions cap (21% reduction in 2020 compared to 2005) and a substantial increase in the amount of auctioning (from less than 4% in phase 2 to more than half in phase 3).
More harmonisation has been agreed in many areas, including with respect to the cap-setting (an EU-wide cap instead of the national caps in phases 1 and 2) and the rules for transitional free allocation.
The fairness of the system has been substantially increased by the move towards EU-wide free allocation rules for industrial installations and by the introduction of a redistribution mechanism that entitles new Member States to auction more allowances.
How does the final text compare to the initial Commission proposal?
The climate and energy targets agreed by the 2007 Spring European Council have been maintained and the overall architecture of the Commission's proposal on the EU ETS remains intact. That is to say that there will be one EU-wide cap on the number of emission allowances and this cap will decrease annually along a linear trend line, which will continue beyond the end of the third trading period (2018-2020). The main difference as compared to the proposal is that auctioning of allowances will be phased in more slowly.
What are the main changes compared to the Commission's proposal?
In summary, the main changes that have been made to the proposal are as follows:
Certain Member States are allowed an optional and temporary derogation from the rule that no allowances are to be allocated free of charge to electricity generators as of 2018. This option to derogate is available to Member States which fulfil certain conditions related to the interconnectivity of their electricity grid, share of a single fossil fuel in electricity production, and GDP/capita in relation to the EU-27 average. In addition, the amount of free allowances that a Member State can allocate to power plants is limited to 70% of carbon dioxide emissions of relevant plants in phase 1 and declines in the years thereafter. Furthermore free allocation in phase 3 can only be given to power plants that are operational or under construction no later than end 2008. See reply to question 15 below. There will be more details in the Directive on the criteria to be used to determine the sectors or sub-sectors deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage , and an earlier date of publication of the Commission's list of such sectors (31 December 2009). Moreover, subject to review when a satisfactory international agreement is reached, installations in all exposed industries will receive 100% free allowances to the extent that they use the most efficient technology. The free allocation to industry is limited to the share of these industries' emissions in total emissions in 2005 to 2007. The total number of allowances allocated for free to installations in industry sectors will decline annually in line with the decline of the emissions cap. Member States may also compensate certain installations for CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices if the CO 2 costs might otherwise expose them to the risk of carbon leakage. The Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect. See reply to question 15 below. The level of auctioning of allowances for non-exposed industry will increase in a linear manner as proposed by the Commission, but rather than reaching 100% by 2020 it will reach 70%, with a view to reaching 100% by 2027. As foreseen in the Commission's proposal, 10% of the allowances for auctioning will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. A provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% of auctioned allowances to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. The share of auctioning revenues that Member States are recommended to use to fight and adapt to climate change mainly within the EU, but also in developing countries, is raised from 20% to 50%. The text provides for a top-up to the proposed permitted level of use of JI/CDM credits in the 20% scenario for existing operators that received the lowest budgets to import and use such credits in relation to allocations and access to credits in the period 2008-2018. New sectors, new entrants in the periods 2018-2020 and 2008-2018 will also be able to use credits. The total amount of credits that may be used will, however, not exceed 50% of the reduction between 2008 and 2020. Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement, the Commission could allow additional access to CERs and ERUs for operators in the Community scheme. See reply to question 20 below. The proceeds from auctioning 300 million allowances from the new entrants reserve will be used to support up to 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects and projects demonstrating innovative renewable energy technologies. A number of conditions are attached to this financing mechanism. See reply to question 30 below. The possibility to opt-out small combustion installations provided they are subject to equivalent measures has been extended to cover all small installations irrespective of activity, the emission threshold has been raised from 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes of CO 2 per year, and the capacity threshold that combustion installations have to fulfil in addition has been raised from 25MW to 35MW. With these increased thresholds, the share of covered emissions that would potentially be excluded from the emissions trading system becomes significant, and consequently a provision has been added to allow for a corresponding reduction of the EU-wide cap on allowances.
Will there still be national allocation plans (NAPs)?
No. In their NAPs for the first (2005-2007) and the second (2008-2018) trading periods, Member States determined the total quantity of allowances to be issued – the cap – and how these would be allocated to the installations concerned. This approach has generated significant differences in allocation rules, creating an incentive for each Member State to favour its own industry, and has led to great complexity.
As from the third trading period, there will be a single EU-wide cap and allowances will be allocated on the basis of harmonised rules. National allocation plans will therefore not be needed any more.
How will the emission cap in phase 3 be determined?
The rules for calculating the EU-wide cap are as follows:
From 2018, the total number of allowances will decrease annually in a linear manner. The starting point of this line is the average total quantity of allowances (phase 2 cap) to be issued by Member States for the 2008-12 period, adjusted to reflect the broadened scope of the system from 2018 as well as any small installations that Member States have chosen to exclude. The linear factor by which the annual amount shall decrease is 1.74% in relation to the phase 2 cap.
The starting point for determining the linear factor of 1.74% is the 20% overall reduction of greenhouse gases compared to 1990, which is equivalent to a 14% reduction compared to 2005. However, a larger reduction is required of the EU ETS because it is cheaper to reduce emissions in the ETS sectors. The division that minimises overall reduction cost amounts to:
a 21% reduction in EU ETS sector emissions compared to 2005 by 2020; a reduction of around 10% compared to 2005 for the sectors that are not covered by the EU ETS.
The 21% reduction in 2020 results in an ETS cap in 2020 of a maximum of 1720 million allowances and implies an average phase 3 cap (2018 to 2020) of some 1846 million allowances and a reduction of 11% compared to the phase 2 cap.
All absolute figures indicated correspond to the coverage at the start of the second trading period and therefore don't take account of aviation, which will be added in 2018, and other sectors that will be added in phase 3.
The final figures for the annual emission caps in phase 3 will be determined and published by the Commission by 30 September 2018.
How will the emission cap beyond phase 3 be determined?
The linear factor of 1.74% used to determine the phase 3 cap will continue to apply beyond the end of the trading period in 2020 and will determine the cap for the fourth trading period (2021 to 2028) and beyond. It may be revised by 2025 at the latest. In fact, significant emission reductions of 60%-80% compared to 1990 will be necessary by 2050 to reach the strategic objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
An EU-wide cap on emission allowances will be determined for each individual year. Will this reduce flexibility for the installations concerned?
No, flexibility for installations will not be reduced at all. In any year, the allowances to be auctioned and distributed have to be issued by the competent authorities by 28 February. The last date for operators to surrender allowances is 30 April of the year following the year in which the emissions took place. So operators receive allowances for the current year before they have to surrender allowances to cover their emissions for the previous year. Allowances remain valid throughout the trading period and any surplus allowances can now be "banked" for use in subsequent trading periods. In this respect nothing will change.
The system will remain based on trading periods, but the third trading period will last eight years, from 2018 to 2020, as opposed to five years for the second phase from 2008 to 2018.
For the second trading period Member States generally decided to allocate equal total quantities of allowances for each year. The linear decrease each year from 2018 will correspond better to expected emissions trends over the period.
What are the tentative annual ETS cap figures for the period 2018 to 2020?
The tentative annual cap figures are as follows:
These figures are based on the scope of the ETS as applicable in phase 2 (2008 to 2018), and the Commission's decisions on the national allocation plans for phase 2, amounting to 2083 million tonnes. These figures will be adjusted for several reasons. Firstly, adjustment will be made to take into account the extensions of the scope in phase 2, provided that Member States substantiate and verify their emissions accruing from these extensions. Secondly, adjustment will be made with respect to further extensions of the scope of the ETS in the third trading period. Thirdly, any opt-out of small installations will lead to a corresponding reduction of the cap. Fourthly, the figures do not take account of the inclusion of aviation, nor of emissions from Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.
Will allowances still be allocated for free?
نعم فعلا. Industrial installations will receive transitional free allocation. And in those Member States that are eligible for the optional derogation, power plants may, if the Member State so decides, also receive free allowances. It is estimated that at least half of the available allowances as of 2018 will be auctioned.
While the great majority of allowances has been allocated free of charge to installations in the first and second trading periods, the Commission proposed that auctioning of allowances should become the basic principle for allocation. This is because auctioning best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investments in a low-carbon economy. It best complies with the “polluter pays principle” and avoids giving windfall profits to certain sectors that have passed on the notional cost of allowances to their customers despite receiving them for free.
How will allowances be handed out for free?
By 31 December 2018, the Commission will adopt EU-wide rules, which will be developed under a committee procedure (“Comitology”). These rules will fully harmonise allocations and thus all firms across the EU with the same or similar activities will be subject to the same rules. The rules will ensure as far as possible that the allocation promotes carbon-efficient technologies. The adopted rules provide that to the extent feasible, allocations are to be based on so-called benchmarks, e. g. a number of allowances per quantity of historical output. Such rules reward operators that have taken early action to reduce greenhouse gases, better reflect the polluter pays principle and give stronger incentives to reduce emissions, as allocations would no longer depend on historical emissions. All allocations are to be determined before the start of the third trading period and no ex-post adjustments will be allowed.
Which installations will receive free allocations and which will not? How will negative impacts on competitiveness be avoided?
Taking into account their ability to pass on the increased cost of emission allowances, full auctioning is the rule from 2018 onwards for electricity generators. However, Member States who fulfil certain conditions relating to their interconnectivity or their share of fossil fuels in electricity production and GDP per capita in relation to the EU-27 average, have the option to temporarily deviate from this rule with respect to existing power plants. The auctioning rate in 2018 is to be at least 30% in relation to emissions in the first period and has to increase progressively to 100% no later than 2020. If the option is applied, the Member State has to undertake to invest in improving and upgrading of the infrastructure, in clean technologies and in diversification of their energy mix and sources of supply for an amount to the extent possible equal to the market value of the free allocation.
In other sectors, allocations for free will be phased out progressively from 2018, with Member States agreeing to start at 20% auctioning in 2018, increasing to 70% auctioning in 2020 with a view to reaching 100% in 2027. However, an exception will be made for installations in sectors that are found to be exposed to a significant risk of 'carbon leakage'. This risk could occur if the EU ETS increased production costs so much that companies decided to relocate production to areas outside the EU that are not subject to comparable emission constraints. The Commission will determine the sectors concerned by 31 December 2009. To do this, the Commission will assess inter alia whether the direct and indirect additional production costs induced by the implementation of the ETS Directive as a proportion of gross value added exceed 5% and whether the total value of its exports and imports divided by the total value of its turnover and imports exceeds 10%. If the result for either of these criteria exceeds 30%, the sector would also be considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. Installations in these sectors would receive 100% of their share in the annually declining total quantity of allowances for free. The share of these industries' emissions is determined in relation to total ETS emissions in 2005 to 2007.
CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices could also expose certain installations to the risk of carbon leakage. In order to avoid such risk, Member States may grant a compensation with respect to such costs. In the absence of an international agreement on climate change, the Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect.
Under an international agreement which ensures that competitors in other parts of the world bear a comparable cost, the risk of carbon leakage may well be negligible. Therefore, by 30 June 2018, the Commission will carry out an in-depth assessment of the situation of energy-intensive industry and the risk of carbon leakage, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations and also taking into account any binding sectoral agreements that may have been concluded. The report will be accompanied by any proposals considered appropriate. These could potentially include maintaining or adjusting the proportion of allowances received free of charge to industrial installations that are particularly exposed to global competition or including importers of the products concerned in the ETS.
Who will organise the auctions and how will they be carried out?
Member States will be responsible for ensuring that the allowances given to them are auctioned. Each Member State has to decide whether it wants to develop its own auctioning infrastructure and platform or whether it wants to cooperate with other Member States to develop regional or EU-wide solutions. The distribution of the auctioning rights to Member States is largely based on emissions in phase 1 of the EU ETS, but a part of the rights will be redistributed from richer Member States to poorer ones to take account of the lower GDP per head and higher prospects for growth and emissions among the latter. It is still the case that 10% of the rights to auction allowances will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. However, a provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. Nine Member States benefit from this provision.
Any auctioning must respect the rules of the internal market and must therefore be open to any potential buyer under non-discriminatory conditions. By 30 June 2018, the Commission will adopt a Regulation (through the comitology procedure) that will provide the appropriate rules and conditions for ensuring efficient, coordinated auctions without disturbing the allowance market.
How many allowances will each Member State auction and how is this amount determined?
All allowances which are not allocated free of charge will be auctioned. A total of 88% of allowances to be auctioned by each Member State is distributed on the basis of the Member State's share of historic emissions under the EU ETS. For purposes of solidarity and growth, 12% of the total quantity is distributed in a way that takes into account GDP per capita and the achievements under the Kyoto-Protocol.
Which sectors and gases are covered as of 2018?
The ETS covers installations performing specified activities. Since the start it has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and factories making cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently only covers carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands, which has opted in emissions from nitrous oxide.
As from 2018, the scope of the ETS will be extended to also include other sectors and greenhouse gases. CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. The capture, transport and geological storage of all greenhouse gas emissions will also be covered. These sectors will receive allowances free of charge according to EU-wide rules, in the same way as other industrial sectors already covered.
As of 2018, aviation will also be included in the EU ETS.
Will small installations be excluded from the scope?
A large number of installations emitting relatively low amounts of CO 2 are currently covered by the ETS and concerns have been raised over the cost-effectiveness of their inclusion. As from 2018, Member States will be allowed to remove these installations from the ETS under certain conditions. The installations concerned are those whose reported emissions were lower than 25 000 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent in each of the 3 years preceding the year of application. For combustion installations, an additional capacity threshold of 35MW applies. In addition Member States are given the possibility to exclude installations operated by hospitals. The installations may be excluded from the ETS only if they will be covered by measures that will achieve an equivalent contribution to emission reductions.
How many emission credits from third countries will be allowed?
For the second trading period, Member States allowed their operators to use significant quantities of credits generated by emission-saving projects undertaken in third countries to cover part of their emissions in the same way as they use ETS allowances. The revised Directive extends the rights to use these credits for the third trading period and allows a limited additional quantity to be used in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-wide reductions over the period 2008-2020. For existing installations, and excluding new sectors within the scope, this will represent a total level of access of approximately 1.6 billion credits over the period 2008-2020. In practice, this means that existing operators will be able to use credits up to a minimum of 11% of their allocation during the period 2008-2018, while a top-up is foreseen for operators with the lowest sum of free allocation and allowed use of credits in the 2008-2018 period. New sectors and new entrants in the third trading period will have a guaranteed minimum access of 4.5% of their verified emissions during the period 2018-2020. For the aviation sector, the minimum access will be 1.5%. The precise percentages will be determined through comitology.
These projects must be officially recognised under the Kyoto Protocol’s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (covering projects carried out in countries with an emissions reduction target under the Protocol) or Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (for projects undertaken in developing countries). Credits from JI projects are known as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) while those from CDM projects are called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
On the quality side only credits from project types eligible for use in the EU trading scheme during the period 2008-2018 will be accepted in the period 2018-2020. Furthermore, from 1 January 2018 measures may be applied to restrict the use of specific credits from project types. Such a quality control mechanism is needed to assure the environmental and economic integrity of future project types.
To create greater flexibility, and in the absence of an international agreement being concluded by 31 December 2009, credits could be used in accordance with agreements concluded with third countries. The use of these credits should however not increase the overall number beyond 50% of the required reductions. Such agreements would not be required for new projects that started from 2018 onwards in Least Developed Countries.
Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement , additional access to credits could be allowed, as well as the use of additional types of project credits or other mechanisms created under the international agreement. However, once an international agreement has been reached, from January 2018 onwards only credits from projects in third countries that have ratified the agreement or from additional types of project approved by the Commission will be eligible for use in the Community scheme.
Will it be possible to use credits from carbon ‘sinks’ like forests?
No. Before making its proposal, the Commission analysed the possibility of allowing credits from certain types of land use, land-use change and forestry (‘LULUCF’) projects which absorb carbon from the atmosphere. It concluded that doing so could undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS, for the following reasons:
LULUCF projects cannot physically deliver permanent emissions reductions. Insufficient solutions have been developed to deal with the uncertainties, non-permanence of carbon storage and potential emissions 'leakage' problems arising from such projects. The temporary and reversible nature of such activities would pose considerable risks in a company-based trading system and impose great liability risks on Member States. The inclusion of LULUCF projects in the ETS would require a quality of monitoring and reporting comparable to the monitoring and reporting of emissions from installations currently covered by the system. This is not available at present and is likely to incur costs which would substantially reduce the attractiveness of including such projects. The simplicity, transparency and predictability of the ETS would be considerably reduced. Moreover, the sheer quantity of potential credits entering the system could undermine the functioning of the carbon market unless their role were limited, in which case their potential benefits would become marginal.
The Commission, the Council and the European Parliament believe that global deforestation can be better addressed through other instruments. For example, using part of the proceeds from auctioning allowances in the EU ETS could generate additional means to invest in LULUCF activities both inside and outside the EU, and may provide a model for future expansion. In this respect the Commission has proposed to set up the Global Forest Carbon Mechanism that would be a performance-based system for financing reductions in deforestation levels in developing countries.
Besides those already mentioned, are there other credits that could be used in the revised ETS?
نعم فعلا. Projects in EU Member States which reduce greenhouse gas emissions not covered by the ETS could issue credits. These Community projects would need to be managed according to common EU provisions set up by the Commission in order to be tradable throughout the system. Such provisions would be adopted only for projects that cannot be realised through inclusion in the ETS. The provisions will seek to ensure that credits from Community projects do not result in double-counting of emission reductions nor impede other policy measures to reduce emissions not covered by the ETS, and that they are based on simple, easily administered rules.
Are there measures in place to ensure that the price of allowances won't fall sharply during the third trading period?
A stable and predictable regulatory framework is vital for market stability. The revised Directive makes the regulatory framework as predictable as possible in order to boost stability and rule out policy-induced volatility. Important elements in this respect are the determination of the cap on emissions in the Directive well in advance of the start of the trading period, a linear reduction factor for the cap on emissions which continues to apply also beyond 2020 and the extension of the trading period from 5 to 8 years. The sharp fall in the allowance price during the first trading period was due to over-allocation of allowances which could not be “banked” for use in the second trading period. For the second and subsequent trading periods, Member States are obliged to allow the banking of allowances from one period to the next and therefore the end of one trading period is not expected to have any impact on the price.
A new provision will apply as of 2018 in case of excessive price fluctuations in the allowance market. If, for more than six consecutive months, the allowance price is more than three times the average price of allowances during the two preceding years on the European market, the Commission will convene a meeting with Member States. If it is found that the price evolution does not correspond to market fundamentals, the Commission may either allow Member States to bring forward the auctioning of a part of the quantity to be auctioned, or allow them to auction up to 25% of the remaining allowances in the new entrant reserve.
The price of allowances is determined by supply and demand and reflects fundamental factors like economic growth, fuel prices, rainfall and wind (availability of renewable energy) and temperature (demand for heating and cooling) etc. A degree of uncertainty is inevitable for such factors. The markets, however, allow participants to hedge the risks that may result from changes in allowances prices.
Are there any provisions for linking the EU ETS to other emissions trading systems?
نعم فعلا. One of the key means to reduce emissions more cost-effectively is to enhance and further develop the global carbon market. The Commission sees the EU ETS as an important building block for the development of a global network of emission trading systems. Linking other national or regional cap-and-trade emissions trading systems to the EU ETS can create a bigger market, potentially lowering the aggregate cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The increased liquidity and reduced price volatility that this would entail would improve the functioning of markets for emission allowances. This may lead to a global network of trading systems in which participants, including legal entities, can buy emission allowances to fulfil their respective reduction commitments.
The EU is keen to work with the new US Administration to build a transatlantic and indeed global carbon market to act as the motor of a concerted international push to combat climate change.
While the original Directive allows for linking the EU ETS with other industrialised countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the new rules allow for linking with any country or administrative entity (such as a state or group of states under a federal system) which has established a compatible mandatory cap-and-trade system whose design elements would not undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS. Where such systems cap absolute emissions, there would be mutual recognition of allowances issued by them and the EU ETS.
What is a Community registry and how does it work?
Registries are standardised electronic databases ensuring the accurate accounting of the issuance, holding, transfer and cancellation of emission allowances. As a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol in its own right, the Community is also obliged to maintain a registry. This is the Community Registry, which is distinct from the registries of Member States. Allowances issued from 1 January 2018 onwards will be held in the Community registry instead of in national registries.
Will there be any changes to monitoring, reporting and verification requirements?
The Commission will adopt a new Regulation (through the comitology procedure) by 31 December 2018 governing the monitoring and reporting of emissions from the activities listed in Annex I of the Directive. A separate Regulation on the verification of emission reports and the accreditation of verifiers should specify conditions for accreditation, mutual recognition and cancellation of accreditation for verifiers, and for supervision and peer review as appropriate.
What provision will be made for new entrants into the market?
Five percent of the total quantity of allowances will be put into a reserve for new installations or airlines that enter the system after 2018 (“new entrants”). The allocations from this reserve should mirror the allocations to corresponding existing installations.
A part of the new entrant reserve, amounting to 300 million allowances, will be made available to support the investments in up to 12 demonstration projects using the carbon capture and storage technology and demonstration projects using innovative renewable energy technologies. There should be a fair geographical distribution of the projects.
In principle, any allowances remaining in the reserve shall be distributed to Member States for auctioning. The distribution key shall take into account the level to which installations in Member States have benefited from this reserve.
What has been agreed with respect to the financing of the 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects requested by a previous European Council?
The European Parliament's Environment Committee tabled an amendment to the EU ETS Directive requiring allowances in the new entrant reserve to be set aside in order to co-finance up to 12 demonstration projects as requested by the European Council in spring 2007. This amendment has later been extended to include also innovative renewable energy technologies that are not commercially viable yet. Projects shall be selected on the basis of objective and transparent criteria that include requirements for knowledge sharing. Support shall be given from the proceeds of these allowances via Member States and shall be complementary to substantial co-financing by the operator of the installation. No project shall receive support via this mechanism that exceeds 15% of the total number of allowances (i. e. 45 million allowances) available for this purpose. The Member State may choose to co-finance the project as well, but will in any case transfer the market value of the attributed allowances to the operator, who will not receive any allowances.
A total of 300 million allowances will therefore be set aside until 2018 for this purpose.
What is the role of an international agreement and its potential impact on EU ETS?
When an international agreement is reached, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council assessing the nature of the measures agreed upon in the international agreement and their implications, in particular with respect to the risk of carbon leakage. On the basis of this report, the Commission shall then adopt a legislative proposal amending the present Directive as appropriate.
For the effects on the use of credits from Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism projects, please see the reply to question 20.
ما هي الخطوات التالية؟
Member States have to bring into force the legal instruments necessary to comply with certain provisions of the revised Directive by 31 December 2009. This concerns the collection of duly substantiated and verified emissions data from installations that will only be covered by the EU ETS as from 2018, and the national lists of installations and the allocation to each one. For the remaining provisions, the national laws, regulations and administrative provisions only have to be ready by 31 December 2018.
The Commission has already started the work on implementation. For example, the collection and analysis of data for use in relation to carbon leakage is ongoing (list of sectors due end 2009). Work is also ongoing to prepare the Regulation on timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning (due by June 2018), the harmonised allocation rules (due end 2018) and the two Regulations on monitoring and reporting of emissions and verification of emissions and accreditation of verifiers (due end 2018).
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